1. Ways of Knowing: TOK WOK

2. Jim cary is there for no other reason than I could not get a good picture of Reason!!!!!

3. Ways of Knowing How do we know something?
For TOK they divide it down into 4 categories
Language
Perception
Reason
Emotion

4. What is Language? Consider Language is rule governed
Language is intended
Language is creative and open ended

5. Language is rule governed
Quan
Koira
Kutta
Madra
Inu
Gae
Hund
Why does Dog mean dog?
Why do we visualize a dog when we say these 3 letters
These are the tribe rules
All languages are rule governed. All languages have grammar and nouns, subject etc and vocabulary

6. What is Language? Consider Language is rule governed
Language is intended
Language is creative and open ended

7. Language is intended
Consider the following scenario, Scenario A you are in class and you are bored, while the teacher is not looking you make a yawning gesture to a friend by putting your hand to your mouth.
Scenario B: You are trying to look interested in what someone says and you yawn by accident.
Both might loosely called body language but only the first can be described as language as it is intended.

8. Language is Intended
You are in class, the teacher is writing on the board, you catch someone's eye and make a yawning gesture by putting you hand to your mouth
You try to look interested when the teacher is talking you but yawn by accident
Which of the above can be described as language

9. What is Language? Consider Language is rule governed
Language is intended
Language is creative and open ended

10. Language is Creative and open-ended
“The wise cow seeks shelter from the snow at dusk”
Make up a wise saying that has never been said before
3 minutes
We will have feedback from the class on their wise saying

11. Language is Creative and open-ended
Is sign language a language?
3 minutes
Do animals have language?
We want the students to come up with the word meaning in the 3 minutes discussion they have
Do the sounds of the animals have meaning, if so then they are a language?

12. The Montillation of traxoline
It is very important that you learn about traxoline. Traxoline is a new form of Zionter. It is montilled in Ceristanna. The Ceristanna’s gristeriate large amounts of fevon and then bracter it into quasel traxoline. Traxoline may well be one of most lukized snezlaus in the future because of our zionter lescedidge.
Questions
Then after giving everybody 2 minutes to read tell them a small exam with the 4 questions following. Tell the students to read and study the above for a small exam
What is traxoline?
Where is it montilled?
How is traxoline quaselled?
Why is it so important to know about traxiline?
We can answer the questions but we have learned nothing new, actually all the new works are just made up. If you do not know what the key words mean in a passage you will not understand the passage. This leads us onto meaning in language and that it is not as straight forward as we think.
We will now move onto the 3 theories of meaning

13. Answer these questions
What is traxoline?
Where is it montilled?
How is traxoline quaselled?
Why is it so important to know about traxiline?
The meaning of the words is important, you can get the questions right but not understand the meaning

14. The problem of Meaning
We get our a lot of our knowledge in the form of language
Lots of problems here
What is a meaningful word and what is not
3 main theories

15. Theories of Meaning Definition Theory Denotation Theory Image Theory
meaning are to be found in dictionaries
Denotation Theory
meaning found in the world
Image Theory
meaning found in the mind

16. Meaning of words: Definition theory
Meaning is to be found in a dictionary
How would you describe this
The meaning of a work and its dictionary meaning may be incorrect.
5 minute exercise from presenter notes here
Each group gets a word to write the dictionary meaning
Group 1 to explain red to the class and not allowed use the word color as it is for a blind person
Group 2 describe the work love as in tennis to someone who has never seen a game of tennis
Group 3 Describe triangle to the class
Group 4 describe circle to the class
Group 5 Describe black to the class as if they were a blind person, cannot use the word color
Group 6 Describe table to the class
Group 7 Describe keyboard
This is for a dictionary so you can only use words.

17. Meaning of words :Denotation theory
Found in the world
i.e. France
What about abstract words like
Freedom
wisdom
Traxoline is not a word as it is meaningless,

18. Meaning of words :Image Theory
You have an image in you head when speaking the word it is meaningful
Problem here is that the image in you head may be different to the next person
See next slide for a short exercise on the problem of this theory

19. “crack”
Can be done as an exercise with the class, what does the word crack conjure up in your head? Get each person to write it down? See what the results are?
Crack as in drug
Crack as in hole in ground
Crack as in Irish pubs
Also to crack on with something is another one
To crack onto to someone also

20. All 3 theories have problems
Therefore the Know How theory
You know the meaning of a word if you know how to use it

21. Language at war Arms Sales Kill Dead Dead Soldiers Bombing
Warspeak
Security assistance
Neutralize
NO longer a factor
Take out
Inoperative combat personnel
Pacification
Service a target
Collateral damage
Friendly fire
Strategic redeployment
Liberate
Reporting guidelines
Pre emptive
Ethnic cleansing
Arms Sales
Kill
Dead
Dead Soldiers
Bombing
Dropping bombs on a target
Bombed cities
Firing on your own troops
Retreat
Invade
Censorship
Unprovoked
Genocide

22. Language to influence and persuade
Emotionally laden language
Pro Life V Pro choice
Weasel Words
Grammer
Many Villages were bombed
We bombed many villages
Revealing and concealing

23. Language to influence and persuade
Terrorist/ freedom fighter
Pro life / pro choice
Genetically modified food/ Frankenstein
Free speech / hate speech
Department of War/ Department of Defense 1947

24. 3 Weasel Words Our product can restore up to 25% of lost hair
Probably the best larger in the world
Dentifresh toothpaste helps fight tooth decay
If Timothy works hard he should do himself justice in the final exam
Find the weasel works in the above

25. 4 Revealing and concealing
I have invited an attractive blonde to the party
I have invited a cellist to the party
I have invited a marathon runner to the party
I have invited a lesbian to the party
Cellist celloo player
It could be the same person in all the above

26. Language and Translation
What would be the advantage and disadvantage if everyone in the world spoke a single common language?
What would be gained by this and what would be lost?

27. Scenario: Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Linguistic Determination
“Whether language actually allows you to have new thoughts is a very controversial issue.”
Can be for a 10 minute discussion: hunter-gatherers from the Pirahã tribe, whose language only contains words for the numbers one and two, were unable to reliably tell the difference between four objects placed in a row and five in the same configuration, revealed the study.
Experts agree that the startling result provides the strongest support yet for the controversial hypothesis that the language available to humans defines our thoughts. So-called “linguistic determinism” was first proposed in 1950 but has been hotly debated ever since.
“It is a very surprising and very important result,” says Lisa Feigenson, a developmental psychologist at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, US, who has tested babies’ abilities to distinguish between different numerical quantities. “Whether language actually allows you to have new thoughts is a very controversial issue.”
Peter Gordon, the psychologist at Columbia University in New York City who carried out the experiment, does not claim that his finding holds for all kinds of thought. “There are certainly things that we can think about that we cannot talk about. But for numbers I have shown that a limitation in language affects cognition,” he says.
“One, two, many”
The language, Pirahã, is known as a “one, two, many” language because it only contains words for “one” and “two”for all other numbers, a single word for “many” is used. “There are not really occasions in their daily lives where the Pirahã need to count,” explains Gordon.
In order to test if this prevented members of the tribe from perceiving higher numbers, Gordon set seven Pirahã a variety of tasks. In the simplest, he sat opposite an individual and laid out a random number of familiar objects, including batteries, sticks and nuts, in a row. The Pirahã were supposed to respond by laying out the same number of objects from their own pile.
For one, two and three objects, members of the tribe consistently matched Gordon’s pile correctly. But for four and five and up to ten, they could only match it approximately, deviating more from the correct number as the row got longer.
The Pirahã also failed to remember whether a box they had been shown seconds ago had four or five fish drawn on the top. When Gordon’s colleagues tapped on the floor three times, the Pirahã were able to imitate this precisely, but failed to mimic strings of four of five taps.
Gordon says this is the first convincing evidence that a language lacking words for certain concepts could actually prevent speakers of the language from understanding those concepts. However, other scientists are far from convinced. Feigenson points out that there could be other reasons, aside from pure language, why the Pirahã could not distinguish accurately for higher numbers including not being used to dealing with large numbers or set such tasks.
“The question remains highly controversial,” says psychologist Randy Gallistel of Rutgers University in Piscataway, New Jersey. “But this work will spark a great deal of discussion.”

28. Piraha People 500 people in Brazil No words for color
No words for after 2 it is all many
Daniel Everett tried to teach mathematics to the Pirahã people for eight months. No one among the Pirahã people learned to count up to ten or add 1+1.
No history, when you are dead you are gone
As far as the Piraha have related to researchers, their culture is concerned solely with matters that fall within direct personal experience, and thus there is no history beyond living memory.
Its seven consonants and three vowels are the fewest known of any language.
The culture has the simplest known kinship system, not tracking relations any more distant than biological siblings.
The people do not count and the language does not have words for precise numbers. Despite efforts to teach them, researchers claim they seem incapable of learning numeracy.
It is suspected that the language's entire pronoun set, which is the simplest of any known language, was recently borrowed from one of the Tupl-Guaranl languages, and that prior to that the language had no pronouns whatsoever. Many linguists, however, find this claim questionable, noting that there is no historical-comparative evidence indicating the non-existence of pronouns in a previous period of the history of Piraha also, the overall lack of Tupi-Guarani loanwords in areas of the lexicon more susceptible to borrowing (such as nouns referring to cultural items, for instance) makes this hypothesis even less plausible.
There is a disputed theory that the language has no color terminology. There are no unanalyzable root words for color; the color words recorded are all compounds like bi³i¹sai, "blood-like", which is not that uncommon.
They have very little artwork. The artwork that is present, mostly necklaces and drawn stick-figures, is crude and used primarily to ward off evil spirits.

29. Eskimos and words for snow
Are we the English speakers losing out as we only have 1 word for snow, do people who speak differently see the world differently.

30. Linguistic Relativity
The belief that people who speak different languages perceive and think about the world quite differently

31. 2nd Language
“Who does not know another language does not know his own”
Goethe
What can you learn about your own language by studying a second language
10 minutes in groups

32. Key points for today
A great deal of our knowledge comes through language
Language is
Rule governed
Intended
Creative
Meaning of words is a matter of know how
Weasel Words
Language and translation

33. WOK
Ways of Knowing
4 Ways

34. Jim cary is there for no other reason than I could not get a good picture of Reason!!!!!