1. EU-LAW Week 3
The EVOlution of the EU

2. İmportant Concepts
Deepening: developing and strengthening the EU’s competences and policies as well as the institutional structure (throught new treaties)
Widening: İncreasing the EU’s membership through the process of enlargement i.e. Accepting the entry of new member states

3. 1. DEVELOPMENT (DEEPENİNG)
AİM: Change in the powers and competencies of the European İntegration from merely aimimg to establish a common market to a European Union to establish an economic and political union amongst its member states
Through Treaty amendments:
1965: Merger Treaty
1966: The Luxembourg Accords
1986: Single European Act
1992: Maastricht Treaty
1997: Treaty of Amsterdam
2000: Treaty of Nice
2009: Treaty of Lisbon
2011: Fiscal Compact Treaty

4. A. The Merger Treaty Signed in Brussels on 8 april 1965
Came into force on 1 July 1967
First amendement to the Treaties of Paris & Rome
AİM: To merge the most important institutions of all three communities by creating one single
The Council
The Commission (former High Authority)
(other 2 institutions COURT and PARLİAMENT already served all 3)

5. B. The Luxebourg Accords
1965: France refused to attend Council meetngs
Disagreement over the use of majority voting when taking decisions
1966: agreement on unanimous voting where ‘very important matters were at stake’
No legal status! BUT in reality right of veto in some matters

6. C.The Single European Act (1)
Signed in Luxembourg in February 1986
Came into force in July 1987
The first major revision of the Treaty of Rome
AİM: to complete the single market by 31 December 1992
Creating “an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured” with more effective institutions and decision-making procedures
İntroducing the “cooperation procedure”: enhancing the role of the European Parliament in the legislative process

7. C.The Single European Act (2)
The European Parliament was also given the right of veto
over the accession of new Member States, and
Over the conclusion of agreements with associate states through the “assent procedure”
Giving a legal basis to “European Political Cooperaiton” : better cooperation and coordination of the member states on the foreign policy and security area
Establishing a Court of First İnstance: to share the workload of the European Court of Justice
The “European Council”: the formalised version of the Meetings of the Heads of State and Government

8. C.The Single European Act (3)
İncluding the “Comitology Procedure”: procedure under which the Council delegates powers to the Commission on certain conditions
İntroducing the “qualified majority voting by the Council” in to a range of areas which had provided for unanimity
İnternal market, common customs tariff, right of establishment, services, capital and payments, transport, approximation of laws
Adding some areas to the Community Competencies
Cooperation in economic and monetary union, social policy, economic and social cohesion, research and technological development and environmental policy

9. D. The Maastricht Treaty (1)
Signed in Maastricht in February 1991
Came into force on 1 November 1993
Also called “The Treaty on European Union”
AİM: Establishing the European Union under the three pillar structure
First pillar: the Communities pillar (economic integration)
supranational
Second pillar: Common Foreign and Security pillar
intergovernmental
Third pillar: Justice and Home Affairs
İntergovernmental

10. D. The Maastricht Treaty (2)

11. D. The Maastricht Treaty (3)
Changing the name of the EEC to EC  removing the “economic”
So also changing the name of the EEC Treaty to EC Treaty
İncreasing the legislative power of the EP through the “co-decision procedure” by allowing it to block legislation
Giving the right to the EP to request the Commission to initiate legislation and giving the power to block the appointment of the Commission
Accepting the European Court of Auditors as one of the institutions under article 7
(just like the Council, Commission, Parliament, Court of Justice

12. D. The Maastricht Treaty (4)
Providing a time table for the European Monetary Union was provided + establishing the European Central Bank and a system of European Central Banks + introducing the foundations for the single currency (EURO)
Establishing the European Ombudsman
Establishing teh Committee of the Regions
Providing the principle of subsidiarity (article 5)
Establishing a concept of European Citizenship (artt ): “every person holding the nationality of a member state is a citizen of the Union”

13. D. The Maastricht Treaty (5)
İncreasing the number of areas that are subject to Qualified Majority Voting
F.e. Education, transport, consumer affairs, development aid,…

14. E. The Treaty of Amsterdam (1)
Signed in 1997
Came into force on 1 May 1999
AİM: prepare the Union for the coming enlargement, however proved to be unsuccesful
Consolidation rather than extension of Community
İmprove processes
İncrease effectiveness
Make the EU more comprehensible
Renumbering the articles of the Treaties
Amending and extending the co-decision procedure

15. E. The Treaty of Amsterdam (2)
İncorporation of a large part of the third pillar into the first pillar and renamed the third pillar “police and juudicial cooperation in criminal matters”
Changing article 6: to declare that the union was founded on respect for human rights, democracy and the rule of law
Respect for this principles = a condition of application for membership of the Union
İncluding a new non-discrimination provision (possibility to create secondary legislation to combat discrimination based on gender,…)
States were encouoraged to work together to combat unemployement
New Art. 7: providing that if the Council finds a serious breach of these principles (art 6) : it may suspend some of the State’s rights under that Treaty
İncluding a separate title on “closer cooperation”

16. F. The Treaty of Nice Signed inn 2001 Cam einto force 2003
AİM: Prepare the Union for the coming enlargement (“disappointing)
İmportant institutional changes
Weighing of votes in the Council
Distribution of seats in the parliament
Composition of the Commssion
Enhancing the role of the EP by extending the number of areas subject to co-decision procedure
İncreasing the powers of the Court of Firt İnstance + establishing judicial panels

17. G. A Draft Constitution

18. H. The Treaty of Lisbon

19. 2. ENLARGEMENT (WİDENİNG) (1)
1973  1st enlargement UK
İreland
Denmark
1981  2nd enlargement (a)
Greece
1986  2nd enlargement (b)
Spain
Portugal
1995  3rd enlargement
Austria
Sweden
Finland

20. 2. ENLARGEMENT (2) 2004  4th enlargement (a)
Czech Republic
Hungary
Poland
Slovakia
Slovenia
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Cyprus
Malta
2007  4th enlargement (b)
Romania
Bulgaria

21. 2. ENLARGEMENT (3) 2013  5th enlargement
Croatia
Candidate countries: These countries are in the process of 'transposing' (or integrating) EU legislation into national law
Albania
Montenegro
Serbia
The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
Turkey
Potential Candidate countries:Potential candidate countries do not yet fulfil the requirements for EU membership
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Kosovo