1. Chapter 40: Corporate Directors, Officers, and Shareholders
Clarkson  Miller  Cross
Chapter 40: Corporate Directors, Officers, and Shareholders

2. §1: Roles of Directors and Officers
A corporation is governed by a board of directors elected by shareholders.
Individual directors are not agents of corporation, only the board itself can act as a “super-agent” and bind the corporation. 

3. Roles of Directors and Officers
A director can also be a shareholder, especially in closely-held corporations.
Few qualifications are required for directors. 

4. Roles of Directors and Officers
Election of Directors.
Generally, the number of directors is set forth in the articles of incorporation.
Directors appointed at the first organizational meeting. 

5. Roles of Directors and Officers
Election of Directors.
In closely held companies, directors are generally the incorporators and/or the shareholders.
Term of office is generally for one year. 

6. Roles of Directors and Officers
Election of Directors.
Removal of Directors: directors can be removed for cause.
Vacancies on Board: if director dies or resigns or new position created by the articles or bylaws. 

7. Roles of Directors and Officers
Compensation of Directors.
Inside director (officer), vs. outside director. Often the same person is both an officer and director, and receives compensation as an officer.

8. Roles of Directors and Officers
Board of Directors’ Meetings.
Quorum must be present to conduct official business. 

9. Roles of Directors and Officers
Committees of the Board.
Executive Committee.
Audit Committee.
Nominating Committee.
Compensation Committee.
Litigation Committee.

10. Roles of Directors and Officers
Rights of Directors.
Participate in corporate decisions and inspect corporate books and records.
Compensation (usually a nominal sum). 

11. Roles of Directors and Officers
Rights of Directors.
Indemnification. Corporation should guarantee reimbursement (indemnification) or purchase liability insurance to protect the board from personal liability. 

12. Roles of Directors and Officers
Corporate Officers and Executives.
Officers serve at the pleasure of the Board of Directors but have fiduciary duties to company as well.
Their employment relationships are generally governed by contract law and employment law. 

13. Roles of Directors and Officers
Corporate Officers and Executives.
Officers may be terminated for cause.

14. §2: Duties and Liabilities of Directors and Officers
Directors and officers are fiduciaries and owe the company ethical and legal duties. 

15. Duties and Liabilities of Directors and Officers
Duty of Care.
Duty to Make Informed Decisions. Fully informed on corporate matters.
Duty to Exercise Reasonable Supervision. Supervise officers when work is delegated. 

16. Duties and Liabilities of Directors and Officers
Duty of Care.
Dissenting Directors: rarely held individually liable to the corporation.

17. Duties and Liabilities of Directors and Officers
Business Judgment Rule.
Immunizes a director or officer from liability from bad decisions.
Court will not require directors or officers to manage “in hindsight.” 

18. Duties and Liabilities of Directors and Officers
Business Judgment Rule.
As long as decision was reasonable, informed, made in good faith and in the best interests of the corporation, BJR will apply.

19. Duties and Liabilities of Directors and Officers
Duty of Loyalty.
Subordination of personal interests to the welfare of the corporation.
No competition with Corporation.
No “corporate opportunity.”
No conflict of interests.

20. Duties and Liabilities of Directors and Officers
Duty of Loyalty.
No insider trading.
No transaction that is detrimental to minority shareholders..
CASE Guth v. Loft, Inc. (1939).

21. Duties and Liabilities of Directors and Officers
Conflicts of Interest.
Full disclosure of any potential conflicts of interest and abstain from voting on any transaction that may benefit the director/officer personally. 

22. Duties and Liabilities of Directors and Officers
Conflicts of Interest.
However, if transaction was fair and reasonable, it can be approved by majority of disinterested directors.

23. Duties and Liabilities of Directors and Officers
Liability of Directors and Officers.
Personally liability for crimes and torts committed and for those committed by employees under their supervision.

24. Duties and Liabilities of Directors and Officers
Liability of Directors and Officers.
Shareholder derivative suits where shareholder(s) sue directors on behalf of corporation.

25. § 3: The Role of Shareholders
Acquisition of shares grants an equitable ownership interest in a corporation.
Shareholders generally have no right to manage the daily affairs of the corporation, but do so indirectly by electing directors. 

26. The Role of Shareholders
Controlling shareholders owe a fiduciary duty to minority shareholders. 

27. The Role of Shareholders
Shareholders’ Powers include:
Approving all fundamental changes to the corporation.
Amending articles of incorporation or bylaws.
Approval of mergers or acquisition. 

28. The Role of Shareholders
Shareholders’ Powers include:
Sale of all corporate assets or dissolution.
Shareholders also elect and remove the board of directors.

29. The Role of Shareholders
Shareholders’ Meetings.
Must occur at least annually.
Voting requirements and procedures are:
Notice of Meetings.
Proxies.
Shareholder Proposals.

30. The Role of Shareholders
Shareholder Voting.
Quorum Requirements: shareholders representing more than 50% of shares must be present to conduct business.
CASE Case v. Sink & Rise, Inc. (2013). 

31. The Role of Shareholders
Shareholder Voting.
Voting Lists: record of stock ownership.
Cumulative Voting: Cumulative Voting allows minority shareholders to get a board member elected.

32. The Role of Shareholders
Shareholder Voting.
Shareholder Voting Agreements.
Voting Trusts.

33. §4: Rights of Shareholders
Rights (depending on the articles and bylaws):
Stock Certificates.
Preemptive Rights: allows each shareholder to maintain his proportional control. 

34. Rights of Shareholders
Stock Warrants: buy at a stated price.
Dividends.
Distribution of corporate profits or income ordered by the board. 

35. Rights of Shareholders
Dividends.
Illegal Dividends.
Directors’ Failure to Declare a Dividend.
Inspection Rights. 

36. Rights of Shareholders
Transfer of Shares.
Rights on Dissolution.
Shareholder’s Derivative Suit.
Shareholders sue a third party on behalf of the corporation. 

37. Rights of Shareholders
Shareholder’s Derivative Suit.
If the Directors fail or refuse to correct the wrong or injury.
Shareholders must first ‘make demand’ on the board which then has 90 days to decide. 

38. Rights of Shareholders
Shareholder’s Derivative Suit.
When shareholders bring a derivative suit, they are doing so in the name of the company, not individually.
CASE McCann v. McCann (2012).

39. §5: Liability of Shareholders
Shareholders are generally not liable for the contracts or torts of the corporation.
If the corporation fails, shareholders generally cannot lose more than their investment. 

40. Liability of Shareholders
Watered Stock.
Worth less than fair market value.
Shareholder is personally liable for difference. 

41. Liability of Shareholders
Duties of Majority Shareholders.
Majority shareholders owe a fiduciary duty to corporation and the minority shareholders and creditors when they sell their shares because of the possibility of transfer of control.

42. Liability of Shareholders
Duties of Majority Shareholders.
Majority shareholders own enough shares to exercise de facto (actual) control over the corporation. 