1. Marcus Garvey

2. lynching in the American south
Notice that this picture is shaped like a postcard?
That is because it was a postcard.

3. lynching in the American south

4. lynching in the American south
The Lynching of Leo Frank in Georgia in 1915

5. The NAACP fights lynching
1919: NAACP releases 30 Years of Lynching in the South
30 Years concludes that only 20 percent of lynchings involved accusations of impropriety with a white woman
And the vast majority of those accusations were false.
1922: Congressman Leonidas C. Dyer proposes a federal anti-lynching bill
The Dyer bill passes the House
. . . but is blocked in the Senate.

6. Jim Europe and his band

7. The “Lost Generation”

8. Countee Cullen
Claude McKay
Jean Toomer
Langston Hughes

9. Zora Neale Hurston
Walter White
Carl Van Vechten

11. The Scopes Trial, Dayton, TN, 1925

15. Football transformed
Harold “Red” Grange

16. Tennis, USA

17. Bobby Jones changes golf

18. 1920s technology revolution
750 broadcast radio stations by 1928
Vastly more powerful electric power plants
Redesigned homes make it easier to accommodate electrical appliances
Electric refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, toasters
Telephone party lines expand phone use

19. Post World War I assault on labor
Crackdown on labor campaigns
“Open shop” drive
Corporate welfare programs
Company unions
Textile mills move south
Federal troops occupy union hall in 1919 steel strike; right: John L. Lewis

20. Calvin Coolidge: “I do not choose to run for President in 1928.”

21. Election of 1928 Al Smith: 40.8% (wins majorities in 12 large cities)
Herbert Hoover: 58.2%
"We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of this land... We shall soon with the help of God be in sight of the day when poverty will be banished from this land. “ Herbert Hoover, 1928

22. In Ponzi we trust . . .
A confident Charles Ponzi on his way to Federal trial
A less than confident mob surrounding one of Ponzi’s branches as word leaks out that he’s a fraud.

24. Why the speculation boom of the 1920s?
Communication revolution via telephone and wireless telegraph
Radio delivered news of stocks quickly
Rise of disposable income among upper-middle class
Absence of any government regulation of the trading sector

25. the great crash
Number of shares traded between 1927 and 1929 doubled . . .
. . . to 920 million shares by 1929.
But in October 1929, stocks lost 40 percent of their value.
50 billion dollars in speculative investment lost

26. the international debt mess of the 1920s (revisited). . . .
France and England insist on collecting from Germany because they owe debts to the United States
Germany owes huge reparations to England and France
The U.S. won’t ease up on France and England’s war debts . . .
. . . but encourages investors to lend money to Germany
What if there was a stock market crash in the United States???

27. the great crash
1930: 1,352 banks failed with 850 million in deposits
1931: almost 2,300 banks failed with 1.7 billion in deposits
. . . People got ten cents on the dollar of their savings, if they were lucky.
U.S. unemployment rate
1928
4.2
1930
8.7
1932
23.6

28. Why Great Depression? The boom/crash interpretation
Stock market had something to do with it
The Monetarist camp
Failure of Federal Reserve
The regulatory interpretation
No real government checks on the markets
The Keynesian demand-side school
Consumer power wimped out
The international crisis perspective
Treaty of Versailles and its consequences
Milton Friedman; Monetarist
John Kenneth Galbraith; Keynesian
Charles Kindelberger, internationalist