1. Diencephalon Thalamus  dorsal thalamus Hypothalamus pituitary gland
Epithalamus
habenular nucleus and commissure
pineal gland
Subthalamus  ventral thalamus
subthalamic nucleus (STN)
field of Forel

4. Classification of Thalamic Nuclei
I. Lateral Nuclear Group
II. Medial Nuclear Group
III. Anterior Nuclear Group
IV. Posterior Nuclear Group
V. Metathalamic Nuclear Group
VI. Intralaminar Nuclear Group
VII. Thalamic Reticular Nucleus

5. Summary of Thalamic Connectivity
I. Sensory Input
general sensation
special sensation
taste, equilibrium, hearing, vision
II. Motor Input
cerebellum, basal ganglia
III. Reticular Formation
IV. Limbic System
mammillary nucleus
hippocampal formation

6. Thalamus Functions of the thalamus I. Relay functions
from the spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum basal ggl.
to the cortex
II. Modulatory functions
Influences the excitability of the cx, synchronised vs. desynchronised states (repetitive and burst firing)
III. Integrative functions
1. Sensory connections (sensory relay station)
2. Motor coordination
3. Psychological functions (instinct, affection, limbic functions etc)
4. Autonom function control
5. Cortical activation

7. Clinical Syndromes of the Thalamus
Posterolateral thalamic syndromes
sensory disorders
Thalamic (Dejerine-Roussy) syndrome
----- VP nucleus - pain
Medial thalamic syndromes
disorders of consciousness
thalamic neglect, thalamic amnesia,
akinetic mutism
Anterolateral thalamic syndromes
motor disorders
paresis, ataxia, motor incoordination, dysphagia

8. Visual (Optic) Pathway
Modality: Vision
Receptor: Photoreceptor Cell of Retina
Cranial Nerve: II (Optic nerve)
1st Neuron: Bipolar Cell
2nd Neuron: Ganglion Cell
optic nerve
optic chiasm
optic tract
3rd Neuron: Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
optic radiation
Termination: Visual Areas (V I, V II)
Brodmann area 17 (V I), 18, 19 (V II)

9. Visual Pathway 1. Optic nerve 2. Optic chiasm 3. Optic tract
4. Lateral
geniculate
body
5. Optic radiation
6. Visual cortex

10. Visual (Optic) Pathway

11. Clinical Features of Visual Pathway Lesion
1. optic nerve
2. optic chiasm
3. optic tract
4. 5. optic radiation
A. unilateral blindness
B. bitemporal hemianopsia
C. left homonymous
hemianopsia
D. left inferior homony-
mous quadranopsia
E. left superior homony-

12. Signs of Visual Pathway Lesion
Optic nerve
- ipsilateral blindness
Optic chiasm
- bitemporal hemianopsia
Optic tract
- contralateral homonymous hemianopsia
Optic radiation
- contralateral homonymous quadranopsia
- intact light reflex
Visual Cortex
- macular sparing

13. left inferior optic radiation lesion right superior quadranopsia
Visual Field Defect
left inferior optic radiation lesion
right superior quadranopsia

16. Hypothalamus  Limbic System

25. Diencephalon 3rd ventricle Surrounded by cerebrum Thalamus
Intermediate mass
Pineal body
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Mammillary body
Pituitary gland

26. epithalamus Located at dorsal part of the diencephalons, it includes the pinieal body. It secretes melatonin which signals the nighttime stage of the sleep-wake cycle.
pineal body — internal secretion gland
habenular triangle— habenular nucleus
habenular commissure
thalamic medullary stria
posterior commissure

27. subthalamus
subthalamic nucleus
participate in the function of extracorticospinal tract