1. Manchuria

3. The Militarists Take Over In Japan
1) Between which factions was Japan involved in a struggle after the end of WWI?
Following the end of WWI, Japan was involved in a struggle between liberals and leftists on one side, and ultra conservatives on the other.
2) In which year was universal male suffrage introduced in Japan?
In 1925 universal male suffrage was introduced i.e. all men were now allowed to vote in Japan.
3) How did the right feel about the left’s pushes for further democratic reforms?
The left pushed for further democratic reforms but as they did so, right-wing politicians pushed for legislation to ban organizations that they felt threatened the state by measures such as wealth distribution or political change.
4) What did the’ Peace Preservation Law’ of 1925 do to political freedom?
This brought about the ‘Peace Preservation Law’ of 1925 –a law which greatly reduced political freedom.
5) Who were the ABCD Powers?
The USA, Britain, China, and the Netherlands were called the ‘ABCD Powers’.

4. The Militarists Take Over In Japan
Insert the correct events or situations/dates to complete the chart.
Introduction of Universal Male Suffrage
‘Peace Preservation Law’
Emperor Hirohito takes throne of Japan
Prime Minister Osachi assassinated
Japan under a military dictatorship
February 26th Incident

5. Questions
6) Who did the ultra-nationalists recruit to indoctrinate Japanese citizens on ultra-nationalist lines?
The ultra-nationalists recruited mayors, teachers and Shinto priests to indoctrinate Japanese citizens on ultra-nationalists lines.
7) What was the February 26th Incident?
On 26th February 1936, a coup did take place. In what is known as the February 26thIncident, nationalistic army officers led troops in a staged military coup in an attempt to overthrow the government and begin a new regime.

6. Essential Question
What happened in Manchuria and northern China , ?
What was the significance of the Manchurian Crisis for the League of Nations ?( please review the historical debate pp ) Andy Dailey

7. MANCHURIA
Manchuria in its entirety covers spreads over China and Russia.
It sometimes refers to the area covered only by China (which includes Harbin –a part of China taken by Russia during the carve-up of China by the European powers during the Nineteenth Century), but strictly speaking, Manchuria covers North-East China and the Russian territory bordering it.
Harbin – Asian Paris

8. MANCHURIA
Manchuria was part of the territory the Japanese won from the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War.
As such Japan had a large economic presence and political interest in Manchuria and these had expanded ever since the end of that war.

9. MANCHURIA By 1931, Japan had invested a lot of money in the region.
By this time Japan controlled the South Manchuria Railway (which ran into Chinese Manchuria).
Japan used the need to guard its large investment in Manchuria as an excuse to keep a large army there.

10. Manchuria • The Nationalist government of China led
by Chiang Kai-shek was weak, corrupt
and busy fighting the Communists.
•   Because of the Great Depression, Japan
wanted to build an empire to secure
supplies of raw materials.( coal, iron ore, and bauxite )
•   The Japanese government was controlled by the
nationalist army, Kwantung
•   China ruled Manchuria, but the Japanese army
ran the railway there, and ruled in Korea.

11. SMR
Was an important element in Japan's growing economic and imperialist control of the province.
Japanese Zaibatsu that invested into the SMR established significant salary differences between its Japanese and Chinese employees
The SMR also operated cola mines.

12. SMR Coal Mines
As with salaries, there were huge differences in working conditions and safety between Japanese and Chinese workers.
3800 Japanese were killed or injured vs
Chinese

13. SMR
By 1930, around 45 mln tons of coal had been extracted from the Fushun and Yent’ai mines alone – but over Chinese workers were killed.

14. MANCHURIA
Japan had not been much affected by WWI in terms of its infrastructure, but during the roaring twenties ,Japan became increasingly crowded by a combination of its small geographical size and its growing population.
By 1931, Japan was also very badly hit by the Great Depression.

15. Economic Cycles of Growth and Collapse

16. MANCHURIA
Manchuria was nearly 200,000 square km in size and Japan also thought that the region had much to offer in raw materials, including minerals, forestry, and rich agricultural land.
This seemed to Japan the perfect solution to both her growing population problem and to the ill effects from the Great Depression.

17. MANCHURIA
On the night of 18th September 1931 an explosion was heard on a section of the South Manchuria Railway.
The Japanese used this as an excuse to take over the nearest Chinese Manchurian town of Shenyang.
China called upon the League of Nations to come to her aid, and The League requested Japanese forces to withdraw.
Shenyang

18. MANCHURIA
This request was rejected by the Japanese invaders (even though it was agreed to by the Japanese government –which was by this time heavily under the influence of Japanese military), and Japan left the League of Nations so she was no longer subject to the League of Nations’ jurisdiction –although the League, as we have seen above, was ill-equipped to deal with an aggressor such as Japan –even when it came to imposing its will by force.

19. BBC clip https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KdQX7M6q0A
Historical Significance

20. Manchuria

21. Let’s Step Back to 1927
Sort of centralized government in China( China will be discussed later when Mao will be studied)
Manchuria has been run by a warlord, Zhang Zuolin. ( Japanese puppet)
1928, he retreated to accept the rules of the centralized government, he was killed nu Guandong ( Japan’s Kwantung’s army )

22. Zhang Xueliang
Following the death of his father, Zhang Xue- liang was also preparing to accept the support of the nationalist government, and push the Kwantung out of Manchuria.
Kwantung without the consultation of the civilian government decided to overthrow Zhang Xueliang and bring Manchuria under the full Japanese control.

23. Kwantung Leaders Ishiwara Kanji ( 1886-1949)
Itagaki Seishiro ( )
Both decided to extend control into Manchuria and Mongolia
Japanese civilian PM, Tanaka Giichi, promised to take a disciplinary actions against Ishiwara and Itagaki but the Army ministry blocked his efforts and as a result his government were forced to resign.

24. Manchuria • Sept 1931: There was some vandalism on the
Manchurian railway; Japan claimed the Chinese
had sabotaged the railway.  
•   They invaded Manchuria and set up the
'independent' (i.e. Japanese-controlled) state of
Manchukuo under the former Emperor of China,
Henry P'ui.  
•   China appealed to the League.

25. Upon the Formation Imperial Army of Manchuko
Comprehensive Postal System
Primary Schools
National Sports League ( soccer, baseball)
Applied to the Olympic Committee
Applied to the League of Nations

26. Manzhouguo Guerrilla
An underground guerrilla movement composed of Manchurian soldiers, armed civilians, and Chinese communists opposed the occupying Japanese, many of whom had come over to settle in the new colony. After Japan’s defeat in 1945 the settlers were repatriated.

27. Manchuria • Dec 1931: the League appointed a commission
led by Lord Lytton to investigate.  
•   He did not go to Manchuria until April 1932
and did not report until October.
•   Oct 1932: Lytton's report stated that Japan was
the aggressor and should leave.
•   24 Feb 1933: The Assembly voted that Japan
should leave Manchuria ( 42 votes for the report and Japan was the only one that voted against the recommendations )
•  Japan walked out of the meeting.

28. Mukden Incident
Read the three articles on SMR, Mukden Incident from Japanese and Western Perspectives
How do the Japanese Revisionists treat the Mukden Incident of 1931?

29. Three Minute History

30. Lytton Report Admitted :
A. Manchuria was run by the corrupt Chinese government
B. Japanese made significant financial investment
Explained
A. The details of the invasion by the Japanese
B. The inactivity of the Chinese
C. The formation of Manchuko
D. The population was comprised of 90 % Chinese and 10 % was Manchus
Recommended : The Japanese were to pull its forces back to the South Manchurian Railway

31. Manchuria • Japan stayed in Manchuria.
•   The League could not agree on economic sanctions or an arms sales ban.
•   In 1933 Japan resigned from the League, and
invaded/ conquered Jehol (next to Manchuria).

32. Manchuria A SPECTACULAR failure: 1. The Japanese continued to expand:
•     they kept Manchuria
• they invaded Jehol in 1933 and China in 1937.

33. Manchuria A SPECTACULAR failure:
2.  The League was discredited/ Manchuria showed:
•     It was slow (the Lytton Report took almost a year)
•     A country could get its own way if it ignored it
•     ‘Collective security' was useless against big
countries - especially during the Great Depression.
•     Even the great powers within the League (Japan
was on the Council) were happy to ignore it.

34. John D Clare