Android 9: The Activity Lifecycle

Android 9: The Activity Lifecycle
Kirk Scott

Introduction: Managing the Activity Lifecycle
As a user navigates through, out of, and back to your app, the Activity instances in your app transition between different states in their lifecycle. For instance, when your activity starts for the first time, it comes to the foreground of the system and receives user focus. During this process, the Android system calls a series of lifecycle methods on the activity in which you set up the user interface and other components.

If the user performs an action that starts another activity or switches to another app, the system calls another set of lifecycle methods on your activity as it moves into the background (where the activity is no longer visible, but the instance and its state remains intact).

Within the lifecycle callback methods, you can declare how your activity behaves when the user leaves and re-enters the activity. For example, if you're building a streaming video player, you might pause the video and terminate the network connection when the user switches to another app. When the user returns, you can reconnect to the network and allow the user to resume the video from the same spot.

This class explains important lifecycle callback methods that each Activity instance receives and how you can use them so your activity does what the user expects and does not consume system resources when your activity doesn't need them.

Commentary This unit is “amazing”
This is amazing in the “disbelief” sense, not the “wonderful” sense It contains code examples, but they exist merely to illustrate some rather deep conceptual stuff

In short, this is rather heavy going, without much immediate practical use
What’s surprising is that the tutorials think it’s time to present all this now, immediately after “Hello World” and the echoing example Really? You might expect a little more preparation or background

You can think of this in two ways:
They’re providing information that will be useful later when programming more professional Android apps They’re also throwing you in the deep end and exposing to real conceptual information that will eventually be of value

This might have been done in a kinder, gentler way
But you can consider this a welcome to the real world where you have to sort through: The tutorials The API documentation Sources like stackoverflow.com

You have to learn to synthesize information from various sources, that may be presented at a level that is higher than you have formally been prepared for You use these combined sources of information to come up with solutions to challenges of both understanding and syntax when working on programming problems

This is a list of the sections in this set of overheads:
9.1 Starting an Activity 9.2 Pausing and Resuming an Activity 9.3 Stopping and Restarting an Activity 9.4 Recreating an Activity

9.1 Starting an Activity

Unlike other programming paradigms in which apps are launched with a main() method, the Android system initiates code in an Activity instance by invoking specific callback methods that correspond to specific stages of its lifecycle. There is a sequence of callback methods that start up an activity and a sequence of callback methods that tear down an activity.

This lesson provides an overview of the most important lifecycle methods and shows you how to handle the first lifecycle callback that creates a new instance of your activity.

Understand the Lifecycle Callbacks
During the life of an activity, the system calls a core set of lifecycle methods in a sequence similar to a step pyramid. That is, each stage of the activity lifecycle is a separate step on the pyramid. As the system creates a new activity instance, each callback method moves the activity state one step toward the top.

The top of the pyramid is the point at which the activity is running in the foreground and the user can interact with it. As the user begins to leave the activity, the system calls other methods that move the activity state back down the pyramid in order to dismantle the activity.

In some cases, the activity will move only part way down the pyramid and wait (such as when the user switches to another app), from which point the activity can move back to the top (if the user returns to the activity) and resume where the user left off.

[Shown on the following overhead]
Figure 1. A simplified illustration of the Activity lifecycle, expressed as a step pyramid. This shows how, for every callback used to take the activity a step toward the Resumed state at the top, there's a callback method that takes the activity a step down. The activity can also return to the resumed state from the Paused and Stopped state.

Depending on the complexity of your activity, you probably don't need to implement all the lifecycle methods. However, it's important that you understand each one and implement those that ensure your app behaves the way users expect. Implementing your activity lifecycle methods properly ensures your app behaves well in several ways, including that it:

Does not crash if the user receives a phone call or switches to another app while using your app.
Does not consume valuable system resources when the user is not actively using it. Does not lose the user's progress if they leave your app and return to it at a later time. Does not crash or lose the user's progress when the screen rotates between landscape and portrait orientation.

As you'll learn in the following lessons, there are several situations in which an activity transitions between different states that are illustrated in figure 1. However, only three of these states can be static. That is, the activity can exist in one of only three states for an extended period of time:

Resumed In this state, the activity is in the foreground and the user can interact with it. (Also sometimes referred to as the "running" state.)

Paused In this state, the activity is partially obscured by another activity—the other activity that's in the foreground is semi-transparent or doesn't cover the entire screen. The paused activity does not receive user input and cannot execute any code.

Stopped In this state, the activity is completely hidden and not visible to the user; it is considered to be in the background. While stopped, the activity instance and all its state information such as member variables is retained, but it cannot execute any code.

The other states (Created and Started) are transient and the system quickly moves from them to the next state by calling the next lifecycle callback method. That is, after the system calls onCreate(), it quickly calls onStart(), which is quickly followed by onResume(). That's it for the basic activity lifecycle. Now you'll start learning about some of the specific lifecycle behaviors.

Specify Your App's Launcher Activity
When the user selects your app icon from the Home screen, the system calls the onCreate() method for the Activity in your app that you've declared to be the "launcher" (or "main") activity. This is the activity that serves as the main entry point to your app's user interface. You can define which activity to use as the main activity in the Android manifest file, AndroidManifest.xml, which is at the root of your project directory.

The main activity for your app must be declared in the manifest with an <intent-filter> that includes the MAIN action and LAUNCHER category. For example: [See the following overhead]

<activity android:name="
<activity android:name=".MainActivity" <intent-filter> <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" /> <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" /> </intent-filter> </activity>

Note: When you create a new Android project with the Android SDK tools, the default project files include an Activity class that's declared in the manifest with this filter. If either the MAIN action or LAUNCHER category are not declared for one of your activities, then your app icon will not appear in the Home screen's list of apps.

Create a New Instance Most apps include several different activities that allow the user to perform different actions. Whether an activity is the main activity that's created when the user clicks your app icon or a different activity that your app starts in response to a user action, the system creates every new instance of Activity by calling its onCreate() method.

You must implement the onCreate() method to perform basic application startup logic that should happen only once for the entire life of the activity. For example, your implementation of onCreate() should define the user interface and possibly instantiate some class-scope variables.

For example, the following example of the onCreate() method shows some code that performs some fundamental setup for the activity, such as declaring the user interface (defined in an XML layout file), defining member variables, and configuring some of the UI. [See the following overhead]

TextView mTextView; // Member variable for text view in the layout @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); // Set the user interface layout for this Activity // The layout file is defined in the project res/layout/main_activity.xml file setContentView(R.layout.main_activity); // Initialize member TextView so we can manipulate it later mTextView = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.text_message); // Make sure we're running on Honeycomb or higher to use ActionBar APIs if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.HONEYCOMB) { // For the main activity, make sure the app icon in the action bar // does not behave as a button ActionBar actionBar = getActionBar(); actionBar.setHomeButtonEnabled(false); } }

Caution: Using the SDK_INT to prevent older systems from executing new APIs works in this way on Android 2.0 (API level 5) and higher only. Older versions will encounter a runtime exception.

Once the onCreate() finishes execution, the system calls the onStart() and onResume() methods in quick succession. Your activity never resides in the Created or Started states.

Technically, the activity becomes visible to the user when onStart() is called, but onResume() quickly follows and the activity remains in the Resumed state until something occurs to change that, such as when a phone call is received, the user navigates to another activity, or the device screen turns off.

In the other lessons that follow, you'll see how the other start up methods, onStart() and onResume(), are useful during your activity's lifecycle when used to resume the activity from the Paused or Stopped states. Note: The onCreate() method includes a parameter called savedInstanceState that's discussed in the latter lesson about Recreating an Activity.

Figure 2. Another illustration of the activity lifecycle structure with an emphasis on the three main callbacks that the system calls in sequence when creating a new instance of the activity: onCreate(), onStart(), and onResume(). Once this sequence of callbacks complete, the activity reaches the Resumed state where users can interact with the activity until they switch to a different activity. [See the following overhead]

Destroy the Activity While the activity's first lifecycle callback is onCreate(), its very last callback is onDestroy(). The system calls this method on your activity as the final signal that your activity instance is being completely removed from the system memory. [See code on the following overhead]

@Override public void onDestroy() { super
@Override public void onDestroy() { super.onDestroy(); // Always call the superclass // Stop method tracing that the activity started during onCreate() android.os.Debug.stopMethodTracing(); }

Note: The system calls onDestroy() after it has already called onPause() and onStop() in all situations except one: when you call finish() from within the onCreate() method. In some cases, such as when your activity operates as a temporary decision maker to launch another activity, you might call finish() from within onCreate() to destroy the activity. In this case, the system immediately calls onDestroy() without calling any of the other lifecycle methods.

9.2 Pausing and Resuming an Activity

During normal app use, the app sometimes loses focus, causing the activity to pause.
For example, when apps run in multi-window mode, only one of the apps has the focus at any time; the system pauses all other apps. Similarly, when a semi-transparent activity opens (such as one in the style of a dialog), the previous activity pauses.

As long as the activity is still partially visible but currently not the activity in focus, it remains paused. However, once the activity is fully-obstructed and not visible, it stops (which is discussed in the next lesson).

As your activity enters the paused state, the system calls the onPause() method on your Activity, which allows you to stop ongoing actions that should not continue while paused or persist any information that should be permanently saved in case the user continues to leave your app. If the user returns to your activity from the paused state, the system resumes it and calls the onResume() method.

Note: When the system calls your activity's onPause() method, the system may be signaling that the activity will be paused for a moment and the user may return focus to your activity, or that the app is running in multi-window mode. However, this method call may also be the first indication that the user is leaving your activity.

Figure 1. When a semi-transparent activity obscures your activity, the system calls onPause() and the activity waits in the Paused state (1). If the user returns to the activity while it's still paused, the system calls onResume() (2). [See the following overhead]

Pause Your Activity When the system calls onPause() for your activity, it technically means your activity is still partially visible, but most often is an indication that the user is leaving the activity and it will soon enter the Stopped state. You should usually use the onPause() callback to:

[1] Check if the activity is visible; if it is not, stop animations or other ongoing actions that could consume CPU. Remember, beginning with Android 7.0, a paused app might be running in multi-window mode. In this case, you would not want to stop animations or video playback.

[2] Commit unsaved changes, but only if users expect such changes to be permanently saved when they leave (such as a draft ). [3] Release system resources, such as broadcast receivers, handles to sensors (like GPS), or any resources that may affect battery life while your activity is paused and the user does not need them.

For example, if your application uses the Camera, the onPause() method is a good place to release it. [See the following overhead]

@Override public void onPause() { super
@Override public void onPause() { super.onPause(); // Always call the superclass method first // Release the Camera because we don't need it when paused // and other activities might need to use it. if (mCamera != null) { mCamera.release(); mCamera = null; } }

Generally, you should not use onPause() to store user changes (such as personal information entered into a form) to permanent storage. The only time you should persist user changes to permanent storage within onPause() is when you're certain users expect the changes to be auto-saved (such as when drafting an ).

However, you should avoid performing CPU-intensive work during onPause(), such as writing to a database, because it can slow the visible transition to the next activity (you should instead perform heavy-load shutdown operations during onStop()).

You should keep the amount of operations done in the onPause() method relatively simple in order to allow for a speedy transition to the user's next destination if your activity is actually being stopped.

Note: When your activity is paused, the Activity instance is kept resident in memory and is recalled when the activity resumes. You don’t need to re-initialize components that were created during any of the callback methods leading up to the Resumed state.

Resume Your Activity When the user resumes your activity from the Paused state, the system calls the onResume() method. Be aware that the system calls this method every time your activity comes into the foreground, including when it's created for the first time.

As such, you should implement onResume() to initialize components that you release during onPause() and perform any other initializations that must occur each time the activity enters the Resumed state (such as begin animations and initialize components only used while the activity has user focus).

The following example of onResume() is the counterpart to the onPause() example above, so it initializes the camera that's released when the activity pauses. [See the following overhead]

@Override public void onResume() { super
@Override public void onResume() { super.onResume(); // Always call the superclass method first // Get the Camera instance as the activity achieves full user focus if (mCamera == null) { initializeCamera(); // Local method to handle camera init } }

9.3 Stopping and Restarting an Activity

Properly stopping and restarting your activity is an important process in the activity lifecycle that ensures your users perceive that your app is always alive and doesn't lose their progress. There are a few of key scenarios in which your activity is stopped and restarted:

[1] The user opens the Recent Apps window and switches from your app to another app.
The activity in your app that's currently in the foreground is stopped. If the user returns to your app from the Home screen launcher icon or the Recent Apps window, the activity restarts.

[2] The user performs an action in your app that starts a new activity.
The current activity is stopped when the second activity is created. If the user then presses the Back button, the first activity is restarted.

[3] The user receives a phone call while using your app on his or her phone.

The Activity class provides two lifecycle methods, onStop() and onRestart(), which allow you to specifically handle how your activity handles being stopped and restarted. Unlike the paused state, which identifies a partial UI obstruction, the stopped state guarantees that the UI is no longer visible and the user's focus is in a separate activity (or an entirely separate app).

Note: Because the system retains your Activity instance in system memory when it is stopped, it's possible that you don't need to implement the onStop() and onRestart() (or even onStart() methods at all. For most activities that are relatively simple, the activity will stop and restart just fine and you might only need to use onPause() to pause ongoing actions and disconnect from system resources.

Figure 1. When the user leaves your activity, the system calls onStop() to stop the activity (1). If the user returns while the activity is stopped, the system calls onRestart() (2), quickly followed by onStart() (3) and onResume() (4). Notice that no matter what scenario causes the activity to stop, the system always calls onPause() before calling onStop(). [See the following overhead]

Stop Your Activity When your activity receives a call to the onStop() method, it's no longer visible and should release almost all resources that aren't needed while the user is not using it. Once your activity is stopped, the system might destroy the instance if it needs to recover system memory. In extreme cases, the system might simply kill your app process without calling the activity's final onDestroy() callback, so it's important you use onStop() to release resources that might leak memory.

Although the onPause() method is called before onStop(), you should use onStop() to perform larger, more CPU intensive shut-down operations, such as writing information to a database. For example, here's an implementation of onStop() that saves the contents of a draft note to persistent storage: [See the following overhead]

@Override protected void onStop() { super
@Override protected void onStop() { super.onStop(); // Always call the superclass method first // Save the note's current draft, because the activity is stopping // and we want to be sure the current note progress isn't lost. ContentValues values = new ContentValues(); values.put(NotePad.Notes.COLUMN_NAME_NOTE, getCurrentNoteText()); values.put(NotePad.Notes.COLUMN_NAME_TITLE, getCurrentNoteTitle()); getContentResolver().update( mUri, // The URI for the note to update. values, // The map of column names and new values to apply to them. null, // No SELECT criteria are used. null // No WHERE columns are used. ); }

When your activity is stopped, the Activity object is kept resident in memory and is recalled when the activity resumes. You don’t need to re-initialize components that were created during any of the callback methods leading up to the Resumed state. The system also keeps track of the current state for each View in the layout, so if the user entered text into an EditText widget, that content is retained so you don't need to save and restore it.

Note: Even if the system destroys your activity while it's stopped, it still retains the state of the View objects (such as text in an EditText) in a Bundle (a blob of key-value pairs) and restores them if the user navigates back to the same instance of the activity (the next lesson talks more about using a Bundle to save other state data in case your activity is destroyed and recreated).

Start/Restart Your Activity
When your activity comes back to the foreground from the stopped state, it receives a call to onRestart(). The system also calls the onStart() method, which happens every time your activity becomes visible (whether being restarted or created for the first time). The onRestart() method, however, is called only when the activity resumes from the stopped state, so you can use it to perform special restoration work that might be necessary only if the activity was previously stopped, but not destroyed.

It's uncommon that an app needs to use onRestart() to restore the activity's state, so there aren't any guidelines for this method that apply to the general population of apps. However, because your onStop() method should essentially clean up all your activity's resources, you'll need to re-instantiate them when the activity restarts.

Yet, you also need to instantiate them when your activity is created for the first time (when there's no existing instance of the activity). For this reason, you should usually use the onStart() callback method as the counterpart to the onStop() method, because the system calls onStart() both when it creates your activity and when it restarts the activity from the stopped state.

For example, because the user might have been away from your app for a long time before coming back it, the onStart() method is a good place to verify that required system features are enabled: [See the following overhead]

@Override protected void onStart() { super
@Override protected void onStart() { super.onStart(); // Always call the superclass method first // The activity is either being restarted or started for the first time // so this is where we should make sure that GPS is enabled LocationManager locationManager = (LocationManager) getSystemService(Context.LOCATION_SERVICE); boolean gpsEnabled = locationManager.isProviderEnabled(LocationManager.GPS_PROVIDER); if (!gpsEnabled) { // Create a dialog here that requests the user to enable GPS, and use an intent // with the android.provider.Settings.ACTION_LOCATION_SOURCE_SETTINGS action // to take the user to the Settings screen to enable GPS when they click "OK" } } @Override protected void onRestart() { super.onRestart(); // Always call the superclass method first // Activity being restarted from stopped state }

When the system destroys your activity, it calls the onDestroy() method for your Activity.
Because you should generally have released most of your resources with onStop(), by the time you receive a call to onDestroy(), there's not much that most apps need to do.

This method is your last chance to clean out resources that could lead to a memory leak, so you should be sure that additional threads are destroyed and other long-running actions like method tracing are also stopped.

9.4 Recreating an Activity

There are a few scenarios in which your activity is destroyed due to normal app behavior, such as when the user presses the Back button or your activity signals its own destruction by calling finish(). The system may also destroy your activity if it's currently stopped and hasn't been used in a long time or the foreground activity requires more resources so the system must shut down background processes to recover memory.

When your activity is destroyed because the user presses Back or the activity finishes itself, the system's concept of that Activity instance is gone forever because the behavior indicates the activity is no longer needed.

However, if the system destroys the activity due to system constraints (rather than normal app behavior), then although the actual Activity instance is gone, the system remembers that it existed such that if the user navigates back to it, the system creates a new instance of the activity using a set of saved data that describes the state of the activity when it was destroyed.

The saved data that the system uses to restore the previous state is called the "instance state" and is a collection of key-value pairs stored in a Bundle object.

Caution: Your activity will be destroyed and recreated each time the user rotates the screen.
When the screen changes orientation, the system destroys and recreates the foreground activity because the screen configuration has changed and your activity might need to load alternative resources (such as the layout).

By default, the system uses the Bundle instance state to save information about each View object in your activity layout (such as the text value entered into an EditText object). So, if your activity instance is destroyed and recreated, the state of the layout is restored to its previous state with no code required by you.

However, your activity might have more state information that you'd like to restore, such as member variables that track the user's progress in the activity. Note: In order for the Android system to restore the state of the views in your activity, each view must have a unique ID, supplied by the android:id attribute.

To save additional data about the activity state, you must override the onSaveInstanceState() callback method. The system calls this method when the user is leaving your activity and passes it the Bundle object that will be saved in the event that your activity is destroyed unexpectedly. If the system must recreate the activity instance later, it passes the same Bundle object to both the onRestoreInstanceState() and onCreate() methods.

Figure 2. As the system begins to stop your activity, it calls onSaveInstanceState() (1) so you can specify additional state data you'd like to save in case the Activity instance must be recreated. If the activity is destroyed and the same instance must be recreated, the system passes the state data defined at (1) to both the onCreate() method (2) and the onRestoreInstanceState() method (3).

Save Your Activity State
As your activity begins to stop, the system calls onSaveInstanceState() so your activity can save state information with a collection of key-value pairs. The default implementation of this method saves information about the state of the activity's view hierarchy, such as the text in an EditText widget or the scroll position of a ListView.

To save additional state information for your activity, you must implement onSaveInstanceState() and add key-value pairs to the Bundle object. For example: [See the following overhead]

static final String STATE_SCORE = "playerScore"; static final String STATE_LEVEL = "playerLevel"; ... @Override public void onSaveInstanceState(Bundle savedInstanceState) { // Save the user's current game state savedInstanceState.putInt(STATE_SCORE, mCurrentScore); savedInstanceState.putInt(STATE_LEVEL, mCurrentLevel); // Always call the superclass so it can save the view hierarchy state super.onSaveInstanceState(savedInstanceState); }

Caution: Always call the superclass implementation of onSaveInstanceState() so the default implementation can save the state of the view hierarchy.

Restore Your Activity State
When your activity is recreated after it was previously destroyed, you can recover your saved state from the Bundle that the system passes your activity. Both the onCreate() and onRestoreInstanceState() callback methods receive the same Bundle that contains the instance state information.

Because the onCreate() method is called whether the system is creating a new instance of your activity or recreating a previous one, you must check whether the state Bundle is null before you attempt to read it. If it is null, then the system is creating a new instance of the activity, instead of restoring a previous one that was destroyed.

For example, here's how you can restore some state data in onCreate():
[See the following overhead]

@Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super
@Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); // Always call the superclass first // Check whether we're recreating a previously destroyed instance if (savedInstanceState != null) { // Restore value of members from saved state mCurrentScore = savedInstanceState.getInt(STATE_SCORE); mCurrentLevel = savedInstanceState.getInt(STATE_LEVEL); } else { // Probably initialize members with default values for a new instance } ... }

Instead of restoring the state during onCreate() you may choose to implement onRestoreInstanceState(), which the system calls after the onStart() method. The system calls onRestoreInstanceState() only if there is a saved state to restore, so you do not need to check whether the Bundle is null: [See the following overhead]

public void onRestoreInstanceState(Bundle savedInstanceState) { // Always call the superclass so it can restore the view hierarchy super.onRestoreInstanceState(savedInstanceState); // Restore state members from saved instance mCurrentScore = savedInstanceState.getInt(STATE_SCORE); mCurrentLevel = savedInstanceState.getInt(STATE_LEVEL); }

Caution: Always call the superclass implementation of onRestoreInstanceState() so the default implementation can restore the state of the view hierarchy. To learn more about recreating your activity due to a restart event at runtime (such as when the screen rotates), read Handling Runtime Changes.

Summary and Mission In theory, this unit is easy to summarize
By now you may have forgotten that the overall topic is managing the activity lifecycle But the presentation is at a depth and level of detail that the previous tutorials don’t seem to have laid the groundwork for

There is no formal mission
However, a statement can be made of the level of learning that might have been gleaned from this At the very least, you should hope to have increased your object-oriented vocabulary, so that you understand what they mean when they use phrases like “callback sequence”

You should also try to wrap your head around what they are telling you
However, keep this in mind: The code examples are intended to concretely illustrate something that was described in general terms verbally You don’t want to try and commit the code to memory When needed you can look that up

In ultimate summary: You want to try and understand and retain the general ideas for the following two reasons: You may need this knowledge in order to understand future examples And, in the future you may be implementing something of your own and you may need to rely on a technique or an idea presented here

The homework assignments will not explicitly require that you use these things
But if you work on a project, you may discover that some of these concepts and techniques are useful or necessary

The End

Android 9: The Activity Lifecycle

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