1. APUSH Review: Key Concept 1
Period 1:
APUSH Review: Key Concept 1
Everything You Need To Know About Key Concept 1 To Succeed In APUSH

2. The New Curriculum
Key Concept 1.1 “As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments.”
Page 25 of the Curriculum Framework
The Columbian Exchange revolutionized life in the Americas, Europe, and Africa.
Big idea:
How were natives alike? How were they different?
How did natives adapt to their environment.

3. Pre-Columbian time period. First Americans came from Asia
Crossed the Bering Strait during the Ice Age
Following a food source
Gradual migration

4. Early Human Migrations
1st Migration, 38, BCE
2nd Migration, c. 10,000-4,000 BCE
3rd Migration, c. 8,000-3,000 BCE

5. CULTURE AREAS OF NATIVE AMERICANS

7. How were natives alike?
Organized into tribes, many into leagues – Iroquois Federation
Life was dominated by natural resources
Religion of the spirit world – single creator god, not monotheistic
Land was not owned but “common” to everyone
Most were matrilineal and women had high status

8. Key Concept 1.1, I
“Different native societies adapted to and transformed their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure.” (made them different)
A) Impact of maize cultivation:
Very popular in the southwest
Societies developed vast irrigation systems (Pueblos in Rio Grande)
How did maize transform societies?
Less emphasis on hunting and gathering
Increase in population
Establishment of permanent villages with socially diverse societies
Tenochtitlan – 250,000 people, social classes

9. B) Great Plains and Great Basin
Most natives lived off of hunting and gathering
Lack of natural resources
Large, flat area that was arid (dry) – Basin
Grassland- Plains
With the introduction of the horse, life on the Great Plains was drastically altered
Bison hunting became much easier
Natives with horses became stronger militarily
Natives in the Great Basin hunted bison and sheep
Like natives on the Great Plains, horses helped natives become more powerful

10. C) Northeast, Mississippi River Valley, and Atlantic Seaboard
Many societies were a mix of hunting and gathering, and agriculture and developed permanent villages
Iroquois (Present day NY and PA):
Adapted to their environment:
Burned forests to hunt and grow crops
Villages were built around maize
Iroquois were a matriarchal (mother authority) society:
Power was based on female authority
Women were instrumental in councils and decision-making
Women would tend to crops and oversaw community affairs while men hunted
Cahokia Indians – near present-day St. Louis (around 30,000 people in 1200)
Built giant mounds
Largest settled community until NY and Philadelphia in 1800

11. D) Northwest And Present-Day California
Roughly 300,000 natives lived in California prior to the arrival of Europeans
Most of these societies were based on hunting, gathering, and foraging
Gather nuts, fish, and hunted
Societies tended to be ruled by wealthy families
Chinooks
Advocated warrior traditions
Used advanced fighting techniques
Lived in longhouses which could house many families

12. Test Tips Multiple-Choice and Short Answer Questions:
Map of different areas of North America: How did natives adapt to their environment?
What made them alike and different?
Example:
What made Native Americans similar and different?
Describe one specific example of how they were similar?
Describe one specific example of how they were different?
Essay Questions: above

13. The New Curriculum and The Columbian Exchange
Key Concept 1.2 “Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.”
Page 26 of the Curriculum framework
The Columbian Exchange revolutionized life in the Americas, Europe, and Africa.
Big Ideas:
What were positives and negatives of the Columbian Exchange on both hemispheres?
What were reasons that led to European exploration?

14. Key Concept 1.2, I
Key Concept 1.2, I: “European expansion into the Western Hemisphere generated intense social, religious, political, and economic competition and changes within European societies.”
Page 26 of the Curriculum framework
A) Reasons for European exploration:
Countries sought new sources of wealth – gold and silver
Economic and military competition – glory (defeat of the Spanish Armada by the English)
Spread Christianity – Spain

16. CULTURAL CLASHES VS Used the land for economic needs
WHITE EUROPEANS
Used the land for economic needs
Clearing the land, destroying hunting areas and fencing it off into private property
Divided the land and selling it for monetary value.   
NATIVE AMERICANS
Relationship with environment as part of their religion
Need to hunt for survival
Ownership meant access to the things the land produced, not ownership of the land itself. VS

17. DISCOVERY OF A NEW WORLD
First Americans-----Pre-Columbian
2. Europe Exploration - REVIEW
Causes
Indirect
Direct
Effects
notes

18. European Explorations
Indirect Causes of
European Explorations

19. Earlier Explorations Islam & the Spice Trade  Silk Road
New Player  Europe
Awareness of new trade
New nations  monarchs had the authority & the resources to fund explorations
Better seaworthy ships.

20. Motives for European Exploration
Crusades  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples.
Reformation  refugees & missionaries.
Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
Technological advances.
Fame and fortune.

22. New Maritime Technologies
Better Maps
Hartman Astrolabe (1532)
Mariner’s Compass
Sextant

23. New Weapons Technology

24. 15th century trade routes

25. European trade routes

26. The 3 motives reinforce each other
Direct Causes = 3 G’s
Political: Become a world power through gaining wealth and land. (GLORY)
Economic: Search for new trade routes with direct access to Asian/African luxury goods would enrich individuals and their nations (GOLD)
Religious: spread Christianity and weaken Middle Eastern Muslims. (GOD)
The 3 motives reinforce each other

28. Treasures from the Americas!

33. EFFECTS EUROPEAN EXPLORATION 1400 TO 1600
Europeans reach and settle Americas
Expanded knowledge of world geography
Growth of trade, mercantilism and capitalism
Indian conflicts over land and impact of disease on Indian populations
Introduction of the institution of slavery
Columbian Exchange

35. explorers

36. European Colonization
Once the New World is discovered, the Big 4 four European countries begin competing for control of North America and the world….
Spain
England
France
Portugal
This power struggle ultimately leads to several wars.

37. The Spanish Spanish first to pursue colonization
Start in Caribbean, then Central and South America— most important was conquest of Aztecs by Cortez (1521) and Incas by Pizzaro (1531)
First permanent colonies in what will become United States are founded by Spain
St. Augustine (Florida) is founded (1565) to protect Spanish treasure fleets

38. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World

39. Spanish empire by the 1600’s consisted of the
part of North America
Central America
Caribbean Islands
Much of South America.

40. First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs Cortes conquered Aztec Empire in and took control of modern day Mexico.
vs.
Hernando Cortés
Montezuma II

41. Mexico Surrenders to Cortés

42. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization https://www. youtube. com/watch
Explorers
Conquistadores
Missionaries
European Colonial Empire
Permanent Settlers

43. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Guadalajara Cathedral
Spanish Mission

44. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1434 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493

45. Key Concept 1.2, I B) Columbian Exchange and its impacts
What was it?
The exchange of plants, animals, culture, humans, diseases, etc. between the Americas, Europe, and Africa
Impact of exchange?
In Europe and Asia: massive population growth due to new food; increase in wealth; decrease in feudalism and a rise of capitalism
In Africa: Spanish and Portuguese used Africans from West Africa to be used as slaves in the Americas
In the Americas: spread of diseases (smallpox and measles), social classes (Mestizos), horse transformed Native life (made hunting easier), Encomienda system

46. Columbian Exchange or the transfer of goods involved 3 continents, Americas, Europe and Africa
* Squash * Avocado * Peppers * Sweet Potatoes * Turkey * Pumpkin * Tobacco * Quinine * Cocoa * Pineapple * Cassava * POTATO * Peanut * Tomato * Vanilla * MAIZE * Syphilis
* Olive * Coffee Beans * Banana * Rice * Onion * Turnip * Honeybee * Barley * Grape * Peach * Sugar Cane * Oats * Citrus Fruits * Pear * Wheat * HORSE * Cattle * Sheep * Pig * Smallpox * Flu * Typhus * Measles * Malaria * Diptheria * Whooping Cough

48. Key Concept 1.2, I C) Technology and trade
New technology aided exploration:
Sextant – could be used to find exact position on earth – more precise sailing
Caravel, compass, and quadrant improved sailing efficiency

49. Key Concept 1.2, II A) Impact of Spanish exploration: Deadly diseases:
Key Concept 1.2, II: “The Columbian Exchange and development of the Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere resulted in extensive demographic, economic, and social changes.”
Page 27 of the Curriculum framework
A) Impact of Spanish exploration:
Deadly diseases:
Smallpox, malaria
Killed as many as 90% of Natives in some areas – not immune to European diseases
Introduction of new animals and crops:
Horse – transformed Native life on the Great Plains
Crops – wheat, rice, and sugar

50. Page 24 of the Curriculum framework
Key Concept 1.2, I, D. “In the economies of the Spanish colonies, Indian labor, used in the encomienda system to support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources, was gradually replaced by African slavery.”
Page 24 of the Curriculum framework
Since the encomienda system is specifically mentioned in the framework, there is a good chance you will be directly assessed on it.

51. ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM
1. Spanish practice of securing an adequate and cheap labor supply = FEUDALISM
“granted” to deserving subjects of the King
2. Conquistador controlled Indian populations –part of Black Legend
Required Indians to pay tribute from their lands
Indians often rendered personal services as well.
3. In return the conquistador was obligated to
protect his wards
instruct them in the Christian faith
defend their right to use the to live off the land
4. Encomienda system eventually decimated Indian population.
5. The King prevented the encomienda with the New Laws (1542) supported by de Las Casas, the system gradually died out.

53. Caste system

54. Spanish Outposts/Settlements
Spanish men only – no families came to settle
help Christianize the Natives and contained missions
Harsh Indian labor – part of Black Legend

55. Key Concept 1.2, III
“In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent worldviews regarding issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power.”
Page 28 of the Curriculum framework
A) Misunderstandings between each group
Gender – many Natives societies were matrilineal and matriarchal
Land – Natives did not own individual land
Religion – Natives believed in animism, polytheistic; shamans held power
Some useful aspects of each other’s cultures were eventually adapted:
Natives adapted technology
Europeans adapted agriculture techniques

56. Father Bartolomé de Las Casas
Believed Native Americans had been treated harshly by the Spanish.
Indians could be educated and converted to Christianized.
Believed Indian culture was advanced as European but in different ways.
New Laws --> 1542

57. Native Resistance
Mexica (Aztecs) against Cortez – stoned Montezuma as traitor; rebelled and killed many Spaniards; Cortez conquered – hanged leaders; priests devoured by dogs
Many ran away – if caught tortured and killed; starved to death
Pueblo Revolt of 1680 – Pope leader destroyed churches, executed Spanish and priests – took Spain 14 years to reestablish control of New Mexico

58. Downfall of the Encomienda System
Many Catholics began to protest the harsh treatment of the Natives
Mestizos (individuals of Spanish and Native Ancestry) could not be forced to work the encomienda system
In time, this helped lead to the decline of the system
Gradually, the system was replaced by African slave labor, like many areas of the Americas
Bartolomé de las Casas

59. Test Tips Multiple-Choice Questions and Short Answer: Essay Questions:
Spanish men came to settle – not families
Spanish intermarried with Natives to create mixed races
Encomienda system was Indian slave labor by another name
Gradually replaced by African slave labor
Essay Questions:
Impact of Columbian Exchange on Native Americans and Europeans

60. Key Concept 1.2, III
B) Native resistance to European encroachment and labor:
Natives sought to preserve political, economic, and religious autonomy (independence, self- rule)
Diplomatically and/or militarily
C) Debates over how non-Europeans should be treated:
Many Europeans saw Natives and Africans as “savages”
Juan de Sepulveda:
Advocated harsh treatment of Natives
Claimed slavery for Natives was justified under Christianity
Bartolome de Las Casas:
Argued that Natives deserved the same treatment as all other men
Played an instrumental role in the ending of the encomienda system
Contributed to the “Black Legend”
Arguments used to subjugate Africans and Natives?
Racism, religious - spread of Christianity, Natives and Africans were seen as “barbaric”

61. Test Tips Multiple-Choice Questions and Short Answer: Essay Questions:
Be familiar with the impacts of the Columbian Exchange – not just food
Increase in world trade, permanently connecting two hemispheres
Identify specific goods and their impacts – horse and potato
Impact on Europe – new foods like the potato created population growth and more need to expand for that population; cultural changes like syphilis and tobacco
Impact on Natives – horse changed way of life for Plains Indians; smallpox killed about 90% of Native population
Encomienda System
Impact on Africans – drastic growth in slavery
Essay Questions:
European interactions with Native Americans
Could be part of larger topic – comparing Spanish colonization with other European countries (Period 2)