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Signalling molecules Label the diagrams using the following terms. You may wish to also (in brackets) write an example next to some of the terms that relates.

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Presentation on theme: "Signalling molecules Label the diagrams using the following terms. You may wish to also (in brackets) write an example next to some of the terms that relates."— Presentation transcript:

1 Signalling molecules Label the diagrams using the following terms. You may wish to also (in brackets) write an example next to some of the terms that relates to one of the homeostatic systems. Pre-synaptic membrane Neurosecretory cell Nerve cell Endocrine cell Neurotransmitter molecules Nerve cell Secretory vesicles Synaptic cleft Blood vessel Vesicles Endocrine hormone molecules Blood vessel Action potential Post-synaptic membrane Target cell Neurohormone molecules Action potential Target cell

2

3 Homeostatic systems summary
Choose any four examples to complete the table. Columns are colour-coded to represent either a change (stimulus) that is an increase or decrease from normal levels. System Stimulus Receptor Signalling molecule (messenger) Target cell Cellular response Outcome

4 FLUID BALANCE: Input of ~2500ml/day to balance loss
Task: Create a flow diagram to show how fluid balance is maintained. You will need to create appropriate arrows to connect the information. FLUID BALANCE: Input of ~2500ml/day to balance loss Less retention of water by kidneys Fluid levels rise Fluid levels fall Pituitary releases ADH in greater amounts Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect change Increases urine output ADH targets the kidney ADH (vasopressin) is peptide hormone Neurosecretory cells stimulate or inhibit pituitary gland Decreases urine output Increases reabsorption of water from kidney tubules STIMULUS: rising fluid levels Pituitary suppresses the release of ADH STIMULUS: falling fluid levels

5 CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS: Normal blood calcium level ~10mg/100ml
Task: Create a flow diagram to show how calcium homeostasis occurs. You will need to create appropriate arrows to connect the information. CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS: Normal blood calcium level ~10mg/100ml Stimulates Ca2+ release from bones Reduces Ca2+ uptake in kidneys Thyroid gland releases calcitonin Stimulates Ca2+ deposition in bones PTH a peptide hormone Calcitonin a peptide hormone Increases Ca2+ uptake in intestines Parathyroid glands releases parathyroid hormone (PTH) Increases Ca2+ uptake in kidneys STIMULUS: rising blood Ca2+ level Parathyroid gland STIMULUS: falling blood Ca2+ level Thyroid gland

6 THERMOREGULATION: Normal body temperature is 36.8 °C ±0.7 °C
Task: Create a flow diagram to show how thermoregulation occurs. Only a couple of responses are shown, you may wish to add more. You will need to create appropriate arrows to connect the information. THERMOREGULATION: Normal body temperature is 36.8 °C ±0.7 °C Release of TRH from hypothalamus targets pituitary gland Increased production and release of sweat Thermoreceptors in hypothalamus detects change Thyroid gland releases thyroxine in greater amounts Nervous stimulation of skeletal muscle contraction Nervous stimulation of sweat glands Body temperature rises Nervous stimulation of arteriole smooth muscle to relax causing vasodilation Thyroid gland Stimulates an increase in fat and general metabolism Body temperature falls Release of TSH from pituitary targets thyroid gland Thyroxine targets most cells Increased heat loss STIMULUS: rise in body temperature Increased heat production due to increased levels of respiration STIMULUS: fall in body temperature

7 GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS: Normal blood glucose level ~90mg/100ml
Task: Create a flow diagram to show how glucose homeostasis occurs. You will need to create appropriate arrows to connect the information. GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS: Normal blood glucose level ~90mg/100ml Muscle and adipose cells increase their uptake of glucose Glucose secreted into blood Pancreas releases glucagon in greater amounts Glucagon a polypeptide hormone Pancreas releases insulin in greater amounts Change detected by pancreatic cells Glucose converted to glycogen within cells Targets muscle and adipose (fat) cells Targets primarily liver cells Insulin a peptide hormone Change detected by pancreatic cells Blood glucose levels decrease STIMULUS: rising blood glucose level Blood glucose levels increase STIMULUS: falling blood glucose level Liver cells convert glycogen into glucose

8 SHORT TERM STRESS RESPONSE
Task: Create a flow diagram to show how a short term response to stress occurs. You appropriately annotate your diagram and include arrows to connect the information. SHORT TERM STRESS RESPONSE Increased blood pressure Adrenal medulla Decreased blood flow to kidney and intestines Increased breathing rate Glycogen broken down to glucose Increased blood glucose levels Epinephrine an amine hormone Hypothalamus Afferent nerve cell Increased blood flow to muscle and liver Acetylcholine Increased metabolic rate Norepinephrine an amine hormone Changed blood flow patterns Efferent nerve cell Spinal cord

9 LONG TERM STRESS RESPONSE
Task: Create a flow diagram to show how a long term response to stress occurs. You should appropriately annotate your diagram and include arrows to connect the information. LONG TERM STRESS RESPONSE Anterior pituitary Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Neurosecretory cell Adrenal cortex Glucocorticoids Increased blood glucose levels Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Increased blood volume and pressure Proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose Retention of sodium ions and water by kidney Mineralocorticoids Hypothalamus

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