1. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Continued

2. REVOLUTION STAGE 1: THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY 1789-1792 Constitutional Monarchy

3. Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Inspired by Declaration of Independence
“natural rights of man…liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression”
Government jobs based on talent alone
All social groups must pay taxes
Freedom of speech and the press

4. RIGHTS OF WOMEN Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Did not include women
Olympe de Gouges protested, writing the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen

5. THE KING’S RESPONSE At first, remained safely at Versailles
Refused to recognize National Assembly
Crowd of angry, starving, well-armed women marched 15 miles to Versailles
Brought the royal family back by force
Royal family forced to remain in Paris
Dangerous circumstances forced Louis to cooperate with the National Assembly

6. CONSTITUTION OF 1791 Limited Monarchy replaces Absolutism
Legislative Assembly of 745 elected members replaces National Assembly
“Active” Citizens
25+ years old & pay a high amount in taxes
Could vote for Legislative Assembly deputies
“Passive” Citizens
No voting rights, but same legal rights

7. THE KING’S RESPONSE Louis seemed to cooperate at first
People felt he would aid the Revolution
However, the royal family disguised themselves & tried to sneak out of France
They were caught & returned to Paris
People knew he opposed the Revolution
He and the royal family were imprisoned

8. WAR WITH AUSTRIA
New threat of invasion by Austria/Prussia (French Queen Marie Antoinette was a member of the Austrian royal family)
Legislative Assembly decides to strike first
France invades Austria, losing badly

9. THE PARIS COMMUNE
Legislative Assembly still hadn’t met demands of peasants for food
Peasants angry that money is spent on war instead of their needs
Radicals declare themselves a commune – popularly run city council – in Paris
Organize mob attacks on royal palaces and on the Legislative Assembly

10. SANS-CULOTTES Paris Commune called “Sans-Culottes”
Rich nobles wore knee-length pants (culottes)
Commoners wore shoe-length pants
“Sans-Culottes” shows pride in common-ness by emphasizing their lack of fine clothing

11. RADICAL REVOLUTION
Rise of radical Commoners means both royalists and moderates are in trouble
Louis & Legislative Assembly look to each other as their hope for survival
Both succumbed to the rising tide of outraged anti-monarchy radicals

12. REVOLUTION STAGE 2: THE REIGN OF TERROR 1792-1795 Republic

13. THE NATIONAL CONVENTION
1792 – new National Convention meets
Replaces Legislative Assembly
Writes new constitution
Ends monarchy & establishes Republic
Condemned & executed Louis XVI
Condemned & executed Marie Antoinette
Tortured Louis XVII in prison (he died)

14. LOUIS XVII Never actually ruled
Called “Louis XVII” because he likely would’ve taken this name, if crowned
Tortured in prison
Died in prison of horrible diseases
His heart was preserved & displayed

15. THE NATIONAL CONVENTION
Disagreements slowed progress
Paris Commune demanded price controls and universal male suffrage (voting rights)
Peasants in countryside refused to obey it
After Louis XVI’s execution, Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, Britain & the Dutch formed a coalition to invade France

16. COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY
National Convention too big to be efficient
Gave powers to Maximilien Robespierre & a small Committee of Public Safety
Robespierre dreamed of creating a “Republic of Virtue”
Others called it a “Reign of Terror”

17. REVOLUTIONARY ARMY
Army of volunteers & draftees to meet the multi-national invasion against France
Very successful – huge army of patriotic commoners, not rich guys “playing” war

18. REPUBLIC OF VIRTUE No high titles – “citizen” & “citizeness”
Mandatory elementary education
Abolished slavery in French colonies
Attempted to control prices on food
Anti-Christian – churches/streets renamed
New calendar with 10-day weeks
Women still excluded from legal rights

19. REIGN OF TERROR Revolutionary courts throughout France
Guilty until proven innocent
40,000 people executed in 3 years
15% = Clergy & Nobility
85% = Commoners
Execution most often by guillotine
Occasional grapeshot, sinking barges, etc.

20. GUILLOTINE Method of execution during the Revolution
Faster, more efficient, and more humane than previous methods
Used to execute Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, Olympe de Gouges, and thousands more

21. MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE
“The Incorruptible”
CPS gave him power to arrest & execute people without a trial
Nervous that they might be next, the National Convention voted to condemn to the guillotine
Reign of Terror ends

22. QUESTIONS? ~ The End ~