3. The difference between transfer of ownership, title, delivery and risk
Determined by clauses in the contract - can happen at any time, even after delivery
Transfer of Documents of Title:
Specified in Incoterms - linked directly to the transfer of risk and delivery of the goods
Note:
The title-holder bears the risks of loss or damage
Delivery = handing over the goods from one party to another
Transfer of title = Taking delivery & transfer of risk

4. Each Incoterm determines: When and where the seller provides the goods to the buyer and when and where the buyer is obliged to pay the contracted price Obligations for export/import licences, duties, taxes, etc. Obligations to arrange and pay for transportation and insurance Conditions for delivery by the seller and acceptance by the buyer Allocation of responsibility for risk of loss or damage Allocation of costs associated with movement of the goods Provisions regarding notices of delivery or dispatch of the goods Proof of delivery, transport documents or electronic messages Requirements of seller to check quantity & conformance of goods with the contract and to provide suitable packaging and markings Obligations of mutual assistance, information and documentation

7. Incoterms – Point of delivery of the goods and transfer of risk D DAF
Delivered at frontier
Upon delivery of goods at frontier (named place)
- not unloaded
DES
Delivered ex ship
When goods are placed at the disposal of the
buyer on board the ship (named port of
destination)
Delivered ex quay
DEQ
When goods are placed at the disposal of the D
buyer at the quay (named port of destination)
Upon delivery of goods (at named place of
DDU
Delivered duty unpaid
destination) not cleared for import and not
unloaded
DDP
Delivered duty paid
Upon delivery of goods cleared for import (at
named place of destination), duty paid but not
unloaded
M10:U2:2.2-7