1. Civil Rights Movement

2. civil rights

3. The Murder of Emmett Till (1955)
August, 1955, a fourteen year old boy in Money, Mississippi whistled at a white woman, Carolyn Bryant in a grocery store. Emmett Till was murdered, lynched, by two white men, J.W. Milam and Roy Bryant, that evening.
Despite their arrests, the two men were eventually acquitted by an all white jury.
New developments in 2004 allowed for the trial to be reopened, based on new evidence that suggested more people may have been involved.
Mamie Till decided to have an open casket, with her son’s body untouched by the undertaker sparked the Civil Rights Movement, forced people to see white brutality up close
Montgomery Bus Boycott- three days after Till’s body was found in the Tallahatchie River.
1. Digital image. [Emmett Till]. 4 June 2006 <

4. The Lady That Started it All!
December 1955, 42 yrs. Rosa Parks was ordered by a Montgomery bus driver to give up her seat to white passengers.
Refused, arrested and fined $10 for sitting in the white section.
Blacks refused to ride buses until the law was changed.
Begins the Civil Rights Era as a national movement to bring about equality for Black Americans.

5. CIVIL RIGHTS Martin Luther King, Jr.
Rosa parks
Rosa Parks case led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott against segregation on public buses.
Led by Martin Luther King, Jr.
Montgomery City Government ended segregation.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Leader for Black Civil Rights
Ended Jim Crow Laws
Promote integration
Increase voting rights
Bring about a true democracy
Rights deprived since Civil War
Non violence

6. Brown vs. Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas
CIVIL RIGHTS
Brown vs. board
Brown vs. Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas
May 1954, the Supreme Court overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and the "separate but equal" doctrine.
Segregation of children in public schools on the basis of race was unconstitutional and discrimination.
States ordered to integrate their schools.

7. LITTLE ROCK NINE
little rock
Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas was the first high school in the South to integrate.
1958, President Eisenhower sent Federal troops (101st Airborne) to accompany the nine black students attending an all white high school...

8. Freedom Riders
FREEDOM SUMMERS AND RIDERS During the summers of 1961 to 1964, groups of Civil Rights activists boarded buses bound for the South to register African Americans to vote.
civil rights

9. March on Washington.
August of 1963, Civil Rights March on Washington, Martin Luther King gives his “I Have a Dream Speech”.
Considered to be one of the best speeches in American History.
Huge turning point in the Civil Rights movement.
civil rights

10. Malcolm X & The Black Panthers:
Northern from Detroit who believed violence was the key to equality.
Became leader of (OAAU) Organization of Afro-American Unity.
Black Panthers:
Activist in CA who wanted immediate equality for all blacks. Violent and militant; patrolled northern and western cities w/ handguns in search of racial violence against blacks.
Became less extreme and supportive to violence as he got older.

11. Civil Rights Changes: Civil Rights Act of 1957:
Established a Civil Rights Commission, but had little real effect and was mostly symbolic.
Civil Rights Act of 1964:
Passed by LBJ, outlawed public segregation and discrimination, forbade racial discrimination in the workplace.
Equal Opportunity Commission:
Created by LBJ to enforce Civil Rights Act of 1964, and gave the prez more power to prosecute violators
24th Amendment:
Passed when LBJ outlawed poll taxes.
Voting Rights Act 1965:
Banned literacy tests and sent thousands of fed voting officials to the south to supervise registration. This got a huge jump in the black voter rate

13. GREAT SOCIETY
GREAT SOCIETY

14. Today’s Objective:
Take notes on the Vietnam War.

15. Today, we are living with the “ghosts of Vietnam”.
The Vietnam War
America’s most unpopular war
Cost LBJ his second term to Richard Nixon
America’s longest and most expensive war
Divided America on the homefront
The best technical war money could buy
America hardly ever lost a tactical battle
A war America did not win
They say it was just cost under 700 billion dollars.
Today, we are living with the “ghosts of Vietnam”.

16. Background of the War
Ho Chi Minh, a pro-Communist leader in Vietnam, led a group called the Vietminh against French control of his nation before, during, and after World War II.
After the Vietminh successfully defeated the French in 1954, a peace agreement Geneva Accords divided Vietnam into Communist North and anti-Communist South.
Ho Chi Minh led N. Vietnam
Ngo Dinh Diem led S. Vietnam.
The United States began providing economic aid to the French 950. In 1960, President Eisenhower sent military advisors to help S. Vietnam’s struggle against the North.

17. Ho Chi Minh The Hero??

18. CONFLICTING INTERESTS IN VIETNAM
war sides
INDIVIDUALS/GROUPS POINT OF VIEW
Ho Chi Minh
North Vietnamese Army
Communist insurgents
Revolt against the South Vietnamese Govt
VC = Viet Cong or South Vietnamese guerrillas
Ngo Dinh Diem
South Vietnamese Army
United States
North Vietnam leader
Free of foreign interference
Re-unite Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh as communists
Dictator of SVN
Used US aid to keep power
Feared Communist takeover of South Vietnam
Supported Diem to keep SVN free
US willing to commit troops

19. First democratically elected President of South Vietnam in 1955.
NGO DINH DIEM
First democratically elected President of South Vietnam in 1955.
Next 7 years, he presided over an increasingly corrupt, nepotistic and repressive regime.
Communist guerrillas (VC) backed by North Vietnam launched a new rebellion
A civil disobedience led by the country's Buddhist monks contributed more directly to his downfall.
Brutal persecution of Buddhist monks in 1963 damaged Diem’s shaky international reputation.
With US support, Vietnamese generals overthrew and assassinated Ngo later that year.

20. Early Protests of Diem’s Government
Self-Emulation by a Buddhist Monk protesting against the brutality of Diem’s government

21. The Vietnam War, 1964 to 1975
1964 Gulf of Tonkin Incident

22. Expanding Presidential Power
The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
In August 1964, Johnson announced that North Vietnamese torpedo boats had attacked American destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin. However, some people doubted that this incident had happened and believed it was only an excuse for further U.S. involvement in Vietnam.
What Inspired the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution?
The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, passed by Congress in 1964, regarded peace and security in Southeast Asia as vital to American national interest, and it gave the President additional powers to assist any Southeast Asian country “requesting assistance in defense of its freedoms.”
What Was the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution?
Under the resolution, the President had authority to “take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression.” The resolution, therefore, changed the balance of power between Congress and the President.
What Additional Powers Did It Give the President?

23. U.S. Troop Deployments in Vietnam
Kennedy’s advisors were clearly fighting a covert war by 1963.
MacNamara has suggested that he believes Kennedy would have pulled the U.S. out, but evidence in inconclusive.
JFK realizes Diem is a liability; offers quiet support to a Vietnamese military coup d’etat.
The coup results in the brutal murders of Diem and his brother
The Vietnamese generals overthrow one another. A relatively stable, but tyrannical government emerges. It is little better than Diem’s.

24. The Vietnam War, 1964 to 1975
1964 Gulf of Tonkin Incident
1965 First sustained bombing of North Vietnam Operation rolling thunder.
1966 U.S. air raids over Hanoi, 1966 to 1968

25. The Vietnam War, 1964 to 1975 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Incident
1965 First sustained bombing of North Vietnam
1966 U.S. air raids over Hanoi, 1966 to 1968
1968 Tet Offensive, Jan. 30 to Feb. 24

26. The Ho Chi Minh Trail
North Vietnamese troops and supplies entered South Vietnam via the Ho Chi Minh Trail, a route that passed through Laos and Cambodia.

27. Impact of the Tet Offensive

28. Who were the Enemy?
The Vietcong consisted of a well organized guerilla fighting force in South Vietnam.
Their guerilla and jungle hit and run tactics made them a menace for American, South Vietnamese, and other allied forces.
Although they didn’t have the advanced weapons and money they used other methods of fighting.

29. The Vietcong possessed underground networks of tunnels
Who are the Enemy?
The Vietcong possessed underground networks of tunnels
Passageways that contained hidden caches weapons and supplies that were difficult to locate and destroy.

30. ESTABLISHMENT (50’s) ANTI-ESTABLISHMENT (60’s)
divided US
DIVIDED AMERICA
ESTABLISHMENT (50’s) ANTI-ESTABLISHMENT (60’s)
Called Middle America, the Silent Majority
Supported Vietnam War
Traditional American values: hard work, family and patriotism
Feared and disliked new styles of music and dress of youth
Against use of illegal drugs
Called counterculture Hippies, Flower Children
Opposed Vietnam War
Disillusioned with values of money, status, power; emphasized love, individual freedom, cooperation
Music and fashion emphasized movement toward new society, greater freedom
Used “mind-expanding” drugs, LSD

31. Feminist Movement Betty Friedan-Feminine Mystique Ms. Equal Pay Act
Title VII
National Organization for Women
Equal Rights Amendment
Roe vs. Wade

33. 1968, The Turning Point

34. American Morale Begins to Dip
Disproportionate representation of poor people and minorities.
Severe racial problems.
Major drug problems.
Officers in combat 6 mo.;Enlisted men in combat for 12 mo.

35. Henry Kissinger Kissinger understood media to shape public opinion.
Kissinger’s efforts in ending the Vietnam War and easing Cold War tensions made him a celebrity.
Was often featured on the cover of Time magazine, and in 1973 shared the Nobel peace prize.
Practical Politics
Realpolitik, or practical politics. Under this policy, nations make decisions based on maintaining their strength rather than on moral principles.
Kissinger applied a realpolitik approach to his dealings with China and the Soviet Union, leading to better diplomatic relations with both nations.
Era on détente or relaxed tensions with communist powers.

36. Vietnamization,
Secret bombings of Cambodia ineffective; US invasion 1970 [more protests]
SVN government & army built up
pacification ; 90% of population safe (many moved to cities)
Viet Cong lose base; US victory!
now a conventional war of NV vs SV
US ground troops begin exiting in 1971.

37. The Vietnam War, 1964 to 1975
1970 Invasion of Cambodia, April 29 to June 29
1971 Invasion of Laos, Feb. 6 to March
1972 Haiphong harbor mined U.S. air raids over Hanoi

38. Dr. Henry Kissinger & Le Duc Tho
Peace Negotiations
US & Vietnamese argue for 5 mo. over size of conference table.
Dr. Henry Kissinger & Le Duc Tho

39. The Ceasefire, 1973 Conditions:
U.S. to remove all troops
North Vietnam could leave troops already in S.V.
North Vietnam would resume war
No provision for POWs or MIAs
Last American troops left South Vietnam on March 29, 1973
1975: North Vietnam defeats South Vietnam
Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City
Many U.S.-loyal South Vietnamese attempt to flee for fear of execution by the North.

40. The Vietnam War, 1964 to 1975
1973 U.S. troops withdraw
1975 Surrender in Saigon, April 20

41. The Costs 3,000,000 Vietnamese killed 58,000 Americans killed
300,000 wounded
Of those that died 11,465 were teenagers
10,000 dead from accidents
153,000 hospitalized & survive
2,590,000 Americans in Vietnam.
Great Society programs underfunded
$150,000,000,000 in U.S. spending
U.S. morale, self-confidence, trust of government decimated
Diversion of capital to the war indirectly caused economic recession: 11% inflation and 12% unemployment!

42. The Costs 1,200 airplanes crash 6,727,084 tons of bombs were dropped.
3,750 fixed wing aircraft
4,865 helicopters were lost.
500,000 acres of Vietnam were sprayed with defoliants, Agent Orange
The effects of Agent Orange may last up to 100 years.

43. Effects of Agent Orange

44. Nixon’s Moon Landing
During Nixon’s presidency, the United States achieved its goal of a successful moon landing.
On July 20, 1969, Neil A. Armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon. He was joined by Edwin E. “Buzz” Aldrin, Jr., a fellow crewman on the Apollo 11 spacecraft.
Television viewers around the world watched the moon landing, and Apollo 11’s crew were treated as heroes when they returned.
Became a symbol of America turning
the tide on the Cold War.

45. Nixon’s Domestic & Economic Policies
Stagflation: described as a period of high inflation combined with economic stagnation, unemployment, or economic recession that occurred late 60’s and early 70s.
Stagflation Response
Taxed imports to help the balance of trade
Helpless to stop from oil embargo in retaliation OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)on for Israeli support
Issues wage and price controls to reduce inflation and spur job growth.

46. Henry Kissinger
Practical Politics
Realpolitik, or practical politics. Under this policy, nations make decisions based on maintaining their strength rather than on moral principles.
Kissinger applied a realpolitik approach to his dealings with China and the Soviet Union, leading to better diplomatic relations with both nations.
Era on détente or relaxed tensions with communist powers.

47. Nixon’s Accomplishments:
Nixon’s Moon landing.
America’s victory against communism.
Ended the Vietnam War.
Era of Détente.
Decreased tensions between Russia and China.
Overcoming stagflation.
Increased the value of the dollar.
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (Salt I) & Anti Ballistic Mille Treaty (ABM).
Treaty to reduce the world’s supply of nuclear weapons.

48. President Nixon felt National Security was threatened.
PENTAGON PAPERS
In June 1971, Daniel Ellsburg leaked the Pentagon Papers to the NY Times
A detailed study of US policy in Vietnam commissioned in (Showed US leaders had lied to American people.)
President Nixon felt National Security was threatened.
Nixon was successful in obtaining a court order to stop publication but New York Times filed a lawsuit citing free press issues and violating no prior restraint.
Nixon ordered Ellsburg’s psychiatrist’s office burglarized looking for evidence to discredit him.

49. PLUMBERS
Nixon established a secret group known as the plumbers to plug leaks
Started campaign of dirty tricks that included IRS harassment and derailing of Democratic frontrunner Edmund Muskie.
Funded by Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREEP) which used highly questionable fund raising tactics and raised over $20 million

50. The Watergate Break-In
In March 1972, a group within the (CREEP) made plans to wiretap the phones at the Democratic National Committee Headquarters at the Watergate apartment complex in Washington, D.C.
The group’s first attempt failed. During their second attempt on June 17, 1972, five men were arrested.
The money they carried was traced directly to Nixon’s reelection campaign, linking the break-in to the campaign.
The break-in and the cover-up resulted in the Watergate scandal.

51. Woodward and Bernstein
The Scandal Unfolds
Woodward and Bernstein
Two young Washington Post reporters, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, were influential in tracking down information to uncover the Watergate story.
Woodward and Bernstein believed that the White House would prove to be involved in the Watergate scandal.
The Watergate Trial
At the trial of the Watergate burglars in early 1973, all the defendants either pleaded guilty or were found guilty.
Judge John J. Sirica, presiding over the trial, was not convinced that the full story had been told.
He sentenced the burglars to long prison terms, suggesting that their terms could be reduced if they cooperated with upcoming Senate hearings on Watergate.

52. Impeachment Hearings and Nixon’s Resignation
Congress began the process of determining if they should impeach the President, or charge him with misconduct while in office.
On August 9, 1974, Nixon resigned, the first President ever to do so. Gerald Ford was sworn in as the new President.

53. The Stalemated 70’s, 1968–1980
Could any of Nixon’s achievements in office compensate for his Watergate crimes? How should history remember Nixon?