1. Pharmacokinetics: Warfarin
Allie Punke

2. The Basics
Most of the anticoagulant activity of warfarin is due to which isomer?
What clotting factors does warfarin inhibit?
Which factor is reflected in the measurement of PT/INR?
Which factor is responsible for the antithrombotic effect?

3. The Basics
When do we recommend loading doses of warfarin? And what is the dose?
How is the interaction with tube feedings avoided?
Which enzymes metabolize warfarin?

4. True OR False
A patient taking Cefdinir may experience a lowering of her INR due to the gut flora being altered.
The interaction of aspirin and warfarin is due to warfarin being displaced from protein binding sites causing an increased INR.
A chronic alcoholic can be expected to have consistently decreased INR.
Patients who smoke may require less warfarin, since they are more “sensitive” to it.
False
True

5. Application
Warfarin, a highly protein bound drug, is added on to a patient’s medication regimen along with a drug that displaces warfarin from albumin. How should we handle this?
A. Because warfarin is a High E drug, the dose should be reduced to prevent excess free warfarin.
B. Because warfarin is a Low E drug, the dose should be increased to ensure therapeutic INR.
C. Because warfarin is a Low E drug, the dose should be reduced to prevent excess free warfarin.
D. Because warfarin is a Low E drug, no change needs to be made.

6. Application
A patient is being managed on warfarin for atrial fibrillation. Additionally, her physician wants to start her on amiodarone. The physician asks you to manage the interaction.
A. The interaction usually occurs after being on amiodarone for 3 months and the dose of warfarin does not depend on the dose of amiodarone.
B. The interaction usually occurs after being on amiodarone for about 2 weeks and the dose of amiodarone can be used to guide the dosing of warfarin.
C. The interaction time is variable, but the dose of amiodarone can be used to guide the dosing of warfarin.
D. The interaction time is variable and the dose of warfarin does not depend on the dose of amiodarone.
C. Peak effect is 1 week to 5 months. What is the interaction due to? CYP2C9, 1A2, 3A4.

7. Application
The patient is started on 200 mg of amiodarone. How should the dose of warfarin be adjusted if she takes 5 mg of warfarin daily?

8. Application
A patient needs to be started on a bile acid sequestrant. Which would be best to recommend to avoid a documented interaction with warfarin?
How can we tell the patient to take cholestyramine or colestipol with warfarin?

9. Application—To Load or Not to Load
MB, 24 YO woman, was diagnosed with a DVT and needs to be initiated on warfarin. Should we give her a LD or not?
JP, 75 YO, needs to be started on warfarin. Actual Body Weight= 58 kg. PMH=history of liver disease. Home medications= lisinopril and hydrochlorthiazide. Should we give him a LD or not?

10. Application-Drug Interactions
Match each drug with Increased or Decreased INR
Garlic
Barbiturates
Ginseng
Metronidazole
St. John’s Wort
Fluoroquinolones
Amiodarone
Rifampin
Septra
Black cohosh
Carbamazepine

11. Application-Drug Interactions
How do we manage these drug interactions?
Rifampin:
Onset of interaction:
Dosage change:
Offset of interaction:
Quinolones:
Rifampin (5-10 day delay in interaction onset) and may require % increase. OFFSET is difficult to predict. Should decrease warfarin dose by 50% 1-2 weeks after rifampin is discontinued.

12. Application
BA, a 85 year old patient, is taking warfarin correctly, but she has been taking double of her levothyroxine dose chronically for the past 1.5 months. How (if at all) does this affect INR?
A. Her INR will be elevated due to the levothyroxine inhibiting the metabolism of warfarin
B. Her INR will be decreased due to impaired metabolism of clotting factors
C. Her INR will be elevated due to rapid metabolism of clotting factors
D. Her INR will be decreased due to the excess levothyroxine stimulating metabolism of warfarin C

13. Summary
Always check for drug interactions if a patient is taking warfarin.
Know when a LD is appropriate.
Know how certain disease states and medications can affect the dose of warfarin.
Always counsel on the effects of Vitamin K foods and recommend to maintain a consistent diet of these.

14. Questions?
Good luck on your exam!