1. Conversational Structure
组员：许佳莹 朱煜佳 俞金晶 陈俊 李明霞 包佳鑫

2. Conversational Structure:
A conversation is not simply a string of grammatically well-formed utterances, in random disposition from different speakers.
Classification:
1.Turn taking Back-channel signals
3.Adjacency pairs Insertion sequences
5.Pre-sequences Preferred second parts.

3. Having Turn-taking
The control of the floor at any time in a conversation is called a turn.
(1).Paralinguistic signals:nodding,gestures,smile
(2).Facial expressions:vocal signals yeah

4. The Wolf: You're Jimmie, right? This is your house?
Jimmie: Sure is.
The Wolf: I'm Winston Wolfe. I solve problems.
Jimmie: Good, we got one.
The Wolf: So I heard. May I come in?
Jimmie: Uh, yeah, please do.
(Pulp Fiction, 1994)

5. Back-channel Signals:
In conversation, a noise, gesture, expression, or word used by a listener to indicate that he or she is paying attention to a speaker.
According to H.M. Rosenfeld (1978), the most common back-channel signals are head movements, brief vocalizations, glances, and facial expressions, often in combination.
back-chback-channel signal (反馈提示）例子 aback-channel signal (反馈提示）例子 nnel signal (反馈提示）例子

6. Fabienne: I was looking at myself in the mirror.
Butch Coolidge: Uh-huh?
Fabienne: I wish I had a pot.
Butch Coolidge: You were lookin' in the mirror and you wish you had some pot?
Fabienne: A pot. A pot belly. Pot bellies are sexy.
(Pulp Fiction, 1994)

7. Adjacency Pairs Definition:
In conversation analysis, a two-part exchange in which the second utteranceis functionally dependent on the first, as exhibited in conventional greetings, invitations, and requests.
An adjacency pair is a type of turn-taking. It is the smallest unit of conversationalexchange. Sacks isolates a class of sequences of closely related turns in a conversation and labels them as adjacency pairs.
Such as offers requiring acceptance or rejections, questions requiring answers,greetings requiring greetings,etc.

8. Features: (1). They are two utterances long.
(2).Two utterances are ordered as a first part and second part.
(3).The sequences of two utterances as the result of turn-taking.
(4).A particular first part requires a particular second part

9. Adjacency pairs include such exchanges as:
question/answer;
complaint/denial;
offer/accept;
request/grant;
compliment/rejection;
challenge/rejection;
instruct/receipt.

10. Biggles: Miss Bladder, take a letter.
Miss Bladder: Yes,Biggles.
(Monty Python's Flying Circus)
Mitchell Pritchett: Hey Cam, does the gardener usually work on Saturdays?
Cameron Tucker: I don't know, he comes when we need him. He's like Batman, but straight.
(Modern Family)
Elaine: Ugh, I hate people.
Jerry: Yeah, they're the worst.
(Seinfeld)

11. Preferred and Dispreferred Second Parts:
Eg. A: What does John do for a living?
B: (a) Do you need to know?
(b) Oh, this and that.
(c) I’ve no idea.

12. As we can see, some first parts allow for alternative seconds which are not of equal status. Some are preferred and some dispreferred---a distinction which may have a psychological basis and explanation, but also has linguistic realization:
“preferred seconds are unmarked---they occur as structurally simpler terms; in contrast dispreferred seconds are marked by various kinds of structural complexity.”(Levinson)

13. Insertion sequence
Conversation can take a linear structure,one pair followed by another;there are also cases of embedding,of one pair occurring inside another an adjacency pair is not adjacent, but separated by another adjacency pair.
Schegloff(1972)calls these embedded pairs insertion sequences.Then sequence will then become Q1-Q2-A2-A1.The middle pair (Q2-A2)is called an insertion sequence.

14. Customer: My daughter was coughing quite a bit last night
Customer: My daughter was coughing quite a bit last night.Can you suggest anything?(Q1)
Pharmacist: How old is your daughter?(Q2)
Customer: She is four.(A2)
Pharmacist: This is a good children’s cough syrup.Give her two teaspoons before she goes to bed.If her cough doesn’t clear up in a day or two,you should take her to the doctor.(A1)
Customer:I will.Thanks.

15. Pre-sequences
Offers, requests and invitations naturally prefer acceptance, thus we have presequences (prerequest, pre-invitation and pre-arrangement ), which are psychologically motivated structures to avoid loss of face for one or both participants resulting from a dispreferred second having to be performed.
Presequences are the kind of sequences that are used to prefigured some specific potential actions.

16. Four turns
Turn 1: a question checking if some precondition exists or the action be performed in Turn 3
Turn 2: an answer indicating that the precondition exists(or does not exist the case might be)
Turn 3: the actual action,if the precondition exists;otherwise withholding it
Turn 4: response to the action in Turn 3

17. 谢谢观赏