1. Washington Crosses the Delaware River
A Critical Time
Washington Crosses the Delaware River

2. Bell Ringer/Advanced The following is a quote by John Adams
Bell Ringer/Advanced The following is a quote by John Adams. What did Adams mean by what he said? Describe the meaning of the following quote in three sentence. “Without the pen of Paine, the sword of Washington would have been wielded in vain.” ~ John Adams

3. Bell Ringer Non Advanced
What were some motivations that patriots had to rebel?
What were some motivations that loyalists had to remain loyal?
Were all of the colonists Loyalists or Patriots?

4. Washington Retreats From New York
Retreat From New York
By mid-1776, fighting shifted to the middle colonies
Washington suffers an embarrassing defeat from British General Howe . Retreats from New York in August 1776
The Americans retreat all the way to Pennsylvania
Washington Retreats From New York

5. Surprise Victory at Trenton
While in Pennsylvania, many American troops desert
Thomas Paine writes another pamphlet “The American Crisis” encouraging Americans to keep fighting
To boost morale, Washington is going to surprise attack the German mercenaries, the Hessians, stationed in Trenton, New Jersey
Washington crosses the Delaware river on Christmas night and wins a huge victory over the Hessians
Washington Before the Battle of Trenton

6. Saratoga: A Turning Point
Gentleman Johnny Burgoyne is defeated in Saratoga after his plan to capture Albany fails
American General Horatio Gates accepts his surrender Oct. 1777
The Battle of Saratoga is a turning point b/c:
Ended the British threat in New England
Destroyed British hope of an easy victory
Raised Patriot spirits after Washington’s defeats
Convinced Europeans to help Americans

7. Help From Overseas
After the Battle of Saratoga, the Americans receive a variety of help from overseas
Americans form an alliance with France and it’s allies who force Britain to fight on several fronts
Volunteers join the American Army:
Marquis de Lafayette (French noble who becomes high ranking soldier and friend of Washington)
Thaddeus Kosciusko (Polish who trained cavalry)
Baron von Steuben (German who turned Americans into effective fighting force)

8. Washington at Valley Forge
Washington’s army suffers greatly during the winter of at Valley Forge, PA
11,000 soldiers suffer from the cold, lack of shoes, starvation
Friedrich von Steuben helps train the army
Washington at Valley Forge