1. Information adapted from BBC Online
The Vietnam War
Information adapted from BBC Online

2. The Beginning
Ho Chi Minh was a communist leader in North Vietnam, who was supported by China. In 1960, he set up the National Liberation Front (NLF) in North Vietnam and started a guerrilla (rebel) war in order to take over South Vietnam. The North Vietnamese rebels were called the Vietcong.
Ngo Dinh Diem, the ruler of South Vietnam during this time received military and financial support from the United States in order to fight the N. Vietcong. The South Vietnamese military was referred to as the ARVN.

3. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
In August 1964, sailors on the American warship USS Maddox in the Gulf of Tonkin claimed they had been attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats.
The US Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin resolution, allowing the American President Lyndon B. Johnson to take direct military action against any country in order to stop attacks on the United States.
President Johnson then declared war against North Vietnam.
It has been debated whether the attack ever happened.

4. Why did the US get involved?
Containment
Domino Theory
The US was Attacked
China had fallen to communism in 1949, and America had fought in Korea in to contain the spread of communism.
The US president, Lyndon B. Johnson, said: "I am not going to be the president who saw South-East Asia go the way China went."
The American government believed that, if South Vietnam fell, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand - and then Burma and India - would follow.
The North Vietnamese had attacked the USS Maddox in August 1964, and then killed US soldiers in February 1965.

5. Vietcong Tactics
They Vietcong fought a guerrilla (rebel) war, ambushing US patrols, setting booby traps and landmines, and planting bombs in towns. They mingled in with the peasants, wearing ordinary clothes. The Americans couldn't identify who the enemy was.
They used elaborate systems of tunnels in order to hide from American spotter planes.
The Vietcong were supplied with rockets and weapons by China and Russia. They used the Ho Chi Minh Trail - a jungle route through Laos and Cambodia - to supply their armies. The Americans couldn't attack their supply routes without escalating the war.
Their tactic was "hanging onto the belts" of the Americans - staying so close to the Americans so they could not use air or artillery backup without killing their own men.

6. American/ARVN Tactics
Americans fought a hi-tech war, using B52 bombers, artillery, helicopters, napalm and Agent Orange an herbicide containing the deadly chemical Dioxin . This killed many innocent civilians, and failed to stop the Vietcong guerrillas.
American troops were sent on patrols, then supported by air and artillery when attacked. This demoralized the soldiers, who realized they were being used just as bait.
Search and destroy patrols went out looking for "Charlie", as they called the Vietcong. But the patrols were very visible by the enemy and easy to ambush. This led to atrocities such as "zippo raids" to burn villages, and the unprovoked massacre of peaceful villagers at My Lai in 1968.

7. The war slowly came to an end…
Coming to a Close
The war slowly came to an end…
Richard Nixon, who became US president in 1969, began Vietnamization - pulling US troops out but giving financial support to the South Vietnamese army (the ARVN).
Nixon ordered large bombing raids on North Vietnam until the North Vietnamese were forced to sign.
Nixon told South Vietnam they had to make peace whether they agreed with it or not, so they were forced to sign too.
January 1973: The Paris Peace Agreement was signed, and the Americans left Vietnam.

8. Examine the following excerpts
Article I …The United States and all other countries respect the independence, sovereignty, unity, and territorial integrity of Vietnam as recognized by the 1954 Geneva Agreements on Vietnam…
Article 2 A cease fire shall be observed throughout South Viet-Nam as of 2400 hours GMT on January 27th At the same hour, the United States will stop all its military activities against the territory of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam by ground, air and naval forces, wherever they may be based, and end the mining of the territorial waters, ports, harbors, and waterways of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The United States will remove, permanently deactivate or destroy all the mines in the territorial waters, ports, harbors, and waterways of North Vietnam as soon as this Agreement goes into effect. The complete cessation of hostilities mentioned in this Article shall be durable and without limit of time…

9. Opposition in America 58,000 Americans (average age 19) were killed.
America was torn apart by this war as many Americans opposed the fighting while others supported it!
The war was opposed particularly by Martin Luther King and by America's black community (because wealthier white men could avoid the draft by going to a university or to Canada.)
58,000 Americans (average age 19) were killed.
It was hard for Americans to believe that they were defending America by fighting in a war 8,000 miles away.