1. Space Medicine What is Space Medicine?
The study of how different body systems work in a zero gravity environment.
What kind of counter measures help maintain normal body function.

2. Body System Changes
Almost every system of the human body is affected when the human body enters zero gravity.
GI Function (your bowels)
Liver Function (how your body processes waste)
Fluid and Electrolyte imbalances
Circulatory dynamics (the heart)
Organ blood flow
Hormonal and metabolic (how you burn energy)
Muscles and bones

3. Effects on the Cardiovascular System
There is a fluid shift in microgravity
Facial Edema, cranial veins dilate, heart enlargement
Blood no longer pulled to extremeties, which induces rapid loss of water
Upon return to Earth the body rapidly returns to normal fluid shifts which can cause orthostatic hypotentsion and syncope.

4. Counter Measure for Cardiovascular Shifts
LBNP (Lower Body Negative Pressure Device) device as substitute for Earth’ gravity. Protocols may vary based on time spent in space.
Creates an equivalent physiologic stress by creating suction on the lower body
Ingestion of Isotonic Saline just before re-entry also helps to counter orthostatic intolerance and Cardiovascular Deconditioning.
Use of G-suits upon re-entry to help with orthostatic intolerance.

5. Operational Tilt Test .

6. Operational Tilt Testing
Operational Tilt Test is Pre-flight and Post-flight test to determine the crewmembers orthostatic intolerance.
Upon return to Earth sometimes the crew will have a hard time maintaining blood pressure above their heart which leads to decreased blood flow to the brain which can result in fainting.
During the test the crew’s ECG and blood pressure, and ultrasound echo are constantly monitored

7. Effects on Bone
Once Gravitational Stress is removed the bone calcium and phosphorus are excessively excreted.
3.2 % of average bone loss occurs after nearly 10 days of weightlessness.
Can lead to bone fractures
Therefore Countermeasures extremely necessary

8. Countermeasure to Reduce Bone Loss
Weight bearing exercise can reduce bone loss. (Advanced Resistive Exercise Device –ARED)
Treadmill and Ergometer and use of LBNP combination (this combination helps to prevent loss of coordination between the nervous system and the muscles which affect balance and motion.) Regimen is for 2 hours of exercise per day.
Nutritional Supplements also being evaluated.
Mike Foal
Sunita Williams
Completes the Boston Marathon in Space

9. Effects on Muscle
Rapid Atrophy due to lack of use in the microgravity environment.
Muscle fibers have two categories: Slow-twitch muscle fibers, and fast-twitch muscle fibers.
In microgravity there is rapid degradation of muscle fibers from slow twitch to fast twitch
Slow twitch are more efficient at using oxygen to generate more ATP for continuous muscle contractions and don’t fatigue as fast.
Fast twitch use anaerobic metabolism which makes them better at short bursts of strength or speed and fatigue fast.

10. Countermeasure for Muscle Degradation
Includes an exercise protocol that induces maximum muscle power for a long distance. (ie Treadmill running, bike training (ergometer)
New research into Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on the tissue at a cellular level to induce use of both muscle fibers. May also prove useful in keeping bone loss at bay.

11. Space Motion Sickness
Space Motion Sickness usually occurs a few minutes or a few hours after entering weightlessness.
Characterized by headaches, malaise, nausea and vomiting
60-70% of all astronauts experience this.
Usually occurs first few days and then disappears
This occurs due to vestibular, inner ear, visual, skin and joint/muscle receptors by the exposure to microgravity.

12. Countermeasure for Space Motion Sickness
Biofeedback training
Adaptation training using virtual reality
Water immersion training
Medications are used upon symptoms of the Space Motion Sickness (ie. Promethazine hydrochloride)

13. Hematologic and Immunologic System
In Microgravity there is a change in the shape of the red blood cells (Spherical vs Discoid Shape) ADD PICTURE
Anemia is characterized after 4 days into space flight. (decrease in the number of red blood cells)
After 3 months in space there is a 15% decrease in red blood cell volume.
They will return to normal upon return to Earth’s Gravitational Forces
Activity of lymphocytes reduces but has rarely caused practical problems

14. Effects of Space Radiation
Astronauts are subject to more Radiation than they would be exposed to on Earth.
Galactic cosmic radiation
Solar Particle radiation (from the sun)
Geomagnetically trapped radiation
Crew must monitor their radiation level with personal dosimeters
Could have potential effects of infertility, cancer and other diseases

15. Interesting Facts
During the Apollo program, there were several near-misses between the astronauts walking on the surface of the Moon and a deadly solar storm event. The Apollo 12 astronauts walked on the Moon only a few short weeks after a major solar proton flare would have bathed the astronauts in a 100 rem blast of radiation. Another major flare that occurred half way between the Apollo 16 and Apollo 17 moonwalks would have had a much more deadly outcome had it arrived while astronauts were outside their spacecraft playing golf. Within a few minutes, the astronauts would have been killed on the spot with an incredible 7000 rem blast of radiation. The daily dosage of radiation on the Space Station is about equal to 8 chest X-rays per day.

16. Are We Ready for Mars?
There are still many things that we need to understand about the human body’s response to a microgravity environment.
NASA in collaboration with the NIH and other Research universities are constantly conducting studies to determine more effective countermeasures to combat these effects.

17. Using The Zero G Airplane for Testing Countermeasures

18. Zero G Airplane Environment
Why test experiments in Zero G plane?
18-24 sec Weightlessness per parabola
30-40 parabolas per flight

19. Properties of Water in Zero G
individual H2O molecule is electrically polarized,
meaning the end with the two hydrogen atoms has a small positive electric charge, while the end with the oxygen atom has a small negative charge.
A loose electrical connection called "hydrogen bonds" form between neighboring molecules: The positive end of one molecule hooks up with the negative end of its neighbor, and with enough of these hydrogen bonds in place throughout the bubble, the water clings to itself, surface tension
On Earth, gravity overrides the effects of hydrogen bonds, making a bubble of water splat on the ground.

20. The END
348183main_sts112_ jpg