1. Chapter 10 Nuclear Chemistry
chemistry-prentice-hall-physical-science-concepts-in- action-flash-cards/
County/ColletonCountyHigh/Uploads/DocumentsSubC ategories/Documents/Chapter%2010%20Text.pdf

2. 10.1 Radioactivity
Radioactivity is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus emits charged particles and energy.
Radioactivity: Expect the unexpected - Steve Weatherell
unexpected-steve-weatherall

3. Any atom containing an unstable nucleus is
called a radioactive isotope, or radioisotope for short.

4. During nuclear decay, atoms of one element
can change into atoms of a different element altogether.

5. Nuclear radiation is charged particles and energy
that are emitted from the nuclei of radioisotopes.
Common types ofnuclear radiation include
alpha particles,
beta particles,
Gamma rays.

6. An alpha particle is a positively charged particle made up of two protons and two neutrons—the same as a helium nucleus.

7. A beta particle is an electron emitted by an unstable nucleus
A beta particle is an electron emitted by an unstable nucleus. In nuclear equations, a beta particle is written as e or .

8. A gamma ray is a penetrating ray of energy emitted by an unstable nucleus.

10. Concept Questions

11. You may not realize it, but you are exposed to nuclear radiation every day. Most of this is background radiation, or nuclear radiation that occurs naturally in the environment.

12. Nuclear radiation can ionize atoms.
Antioxidants & Free Radicals Explained

13. Devices that are used to detect nuclear radiation include Geiger counters and film badges.

14. Is radiation dangerous? - Matt Anticole

15. 10.2 Rates of Nuclear Decay
A half-life is the time required for one half of a sample of a radioisotope to decay.
Unlike chemical reaction rates, which vary with the conditions of a reaction, nuclear decay rates are constant.

16. Different Isotopes

17. After three half lives, the amount left is …
B) ¼
C) 1/8
D) 0
What does the term half-life mean?

18. In radiocarbon dating, the age of an object is determined by comparing the object’s carbon- 14 levels with carbon-14 levels in the atmosphere.
How Does Radiocarbon Dating Work?

20. 10.3 Artificial Transmutation
Scientists can perform artificial transmutations by bombarding atomic nuclei with high energy particles such as protons, neutrons, or alpha particles.
Note that H represents a proton. Rutherford’s experiment provided evidence that the nucleus contains protons.

21. Concept Questions
Solve for A and Z; what is the new element?

22. Synthetic elements
Elements with atomic numbers greater than 92 (uranium) are called transuranium elements.
Scientists can synthesize a transuranium element by the artificial transmutation of a lighter element.

23. Particle accelerators
How does an atom-smashing particle accelerator work? - Don Lincoln
smashing-particle-accelerator-work-don-lincoln
What is a quark? Just for fun Minute physics
Antimatter Explained

24. 10.4 Fission and Fusion
The strong nuclear force is the attractive force that binds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus.
Over very short distances, the strong nuclear force is much greater than the electric forces among protons.

25. The Effect of Size on Nuclear Forces
Unstable Nuclei A nucleus becomes unstable, or radioactive, when the strong nuclear force can no longer overcome the repulsive electric forces among protons.
All nuclei with more than 83 protons are radioactive.

26. Fission
Fission is the splitting of an atomic nucleus into two smaller parts.

27. Fission produces energy
In nuclear fission, tremendous amounts of energy can be produced from very small amounts of mass.
When the fission of uranium-235 is carried out, about 0.1 percent of the mass of the reactants is lost during the reaction. This “lost” mass is converted into energy.

28. Binding Energy, Fission and the Strong Nuclear Force
E=mc² is Incomplete – MinutePhysics w

29. Chain Reaction
In a chain reaction, neutrons released during the splitting of an initial nucleus trigger a series of nuclear fissions.

30. Critical mass
A critical mass is the smallest possible mass of a fissionable material that can sustain a chain reaction.

31. Nuclear Energy from Fission
Unlike power plants that burn fossil fuels, nuclear power plants do not emit air pollutants such as oxides of sulfur and nitrogen.
Pros and Cons
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32. Fusion – minute physics
The Life Cycle of Stars - IOP
A single nucleon is heavier than a bound nucleon; this is called the mass defect
Each proton gets lighter and lighter as nucleon number increases, all the way up to iron. Mass defect increases and energy can be released from fusion.

33. Nucleus stability