1. Chapter 17 pt. 1: Psychoanalysis, Humanistic, and Behaviorism Therapies

2. Agenda Finish Psychological Disorders (10)
Finish the case of Ralph and Analysis (10)
Diagnosis Scenarios (10)
Schizophrenia Clip (7)
Notes: Therapies (20)
Philadelphia State Hospital and Closing(15)
Therapy Chart (10)

3. 2 Major Types of Therapy
1. Psychological Therapies: employ interaction (usually verbal) between trained professional and a client with a problem
2. Biomedical: therapies directed at a patient’s nervous system.
VS.

4. Psychotherapy Differs Depending on the Perspective of Therapist
Psychotherapy: emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties.
There are different types based on personality theories we discussed:
1. Psychoanalytic
2. Humanistic
3. Behavioral
4. Cognitive

5. Eclectic Approach Takes a Smorgasbord Approach
Eclectic Approach: uses a variety of different techniques from various theories of therapy depending on the problem of the individual.
More than half of therapists take this approach.

6. Pyschoanalysis
Aims:
Uncover a person’s unconscious drives that are preventing a person from living their life.

7. Method Patients must attend sessions every week for 2-3 years.
Resistance: when a patient blocks anxiety provoking feelings.
Job of therapist to uncover the issue causing anxiety
Transference: patients can transfer positive or negative feelings onto the therapist
Catharsis: feeling of release after sharing intense feelings.
Patients must attend sessions every week for 2-3 years.
Therapist uses Free Association – asking the patient to discuss anything that comes to mind.
Hypnosis can be used.

8. Criticism of Psychoanalytic Therapy
1. Built on assumption that repressed memories exist.
2. Interpretations can’t be proven right or wrong.
3. Is very time-consuming and costly…usually takes several years to achieve insight.

9. Interpersonal Psychotherapy as an Alternative To Psychoanalysis
Interpersonal Psychotherapy: occurs in much shorter session and also aims to help patients gain insight into the roots of their difficulties.
However instead of focusing on past, this approach focuses on current relationships and how to deal with problems….looking for symptom relief instead of personality change.

10. Humanistic Approach
AIM: Humanistic perspective hopes to boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self acceptance.
Main Focus:
1. The present and future
2. Conscious Rather than Unconscious Thoughts
3. Individual Responsibility for feelings
4. Promote growth instead of cures.

11. Methods Carl Rogers’ Client or Person Centered Therapy:
Most widely used humanistic technique. This technique which involves active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients’ growth.
Active listening: technique in which therapist is non-directive towards client and empathizes with them by echoing, restating, and clarifying their feelings.

12. Client Centered Therapy Promotes Self-Awareness
When given unconditional positive regard clients start to accept themselves including their faults and feel more valued and whole.

13. Criticisms of Humanistic Therapies
The methods are not perfect—the therapist can still put their own perspective on a client’s feelings.

14. Behavior Therapies: Aims
Unlike previous 2 psychotherapies, behavior therapies are not interested in the underlying cause of the problem or in achieving self-awareness.
Behavior Therapies: assume the problems are the behaviors themselves and look to use well-established learning principles to eliminate the unwanted behavior.

15. Behavioral Therapies Methods: Classical Conditioning Techniques
Learned responses like phobias can be unlearned through counter-conditioning.
Counter-conditioning: is a behavior therapy that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger your unwanted behaviors.
Ex: pair fear of heights with relaxing stimuli.

16. Two Types of Counterconditioning
1. Systematic Desensitization: exposure technique used to commonly treat phobias. Associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli until anxiety towards stimuli is eliminated.
Goal is to extinguish previously learned response.
Key is the process is gradual.
Also called Graduated Exposure Theory

17. How could you use systematic desensitization to help people overcome their intense fear of spiders?

18. Systematic Desensitization

19. More Aggressive Exposure Therapy
Flooding: involves immediately exposing client to a stimulus that causes undesirable response to show that stimulus isn’t dangerous.
Flooding can lead to extinction of fear.

20. Less Aggressive Exposure Therapy (Not in Book)
Implosion: patient imagines stimulus rather than being exposed to actual negative stimulus…hopes to reduce anxiety.
Usually used as first step in systematic desensitization.

21. Using Virtual Reality For Exposure Therapy

22. Second type of Counterconditioning
2. Aversive Conditioning: is the opposite of systematic desensitization. Looks to reverse a negative behavior by associating an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior.
Example: Curing nail biting by putting a nasty tasting substance on your hand so that you avoid biting your nails.

23. Aversive Therapy for Alcoholics
Although initially successful why doesn’t aversive therapy usually stop people from permanently drinking?
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(nausea) CS
(alcohol) CR

24. Operant Conditioning Therapy
Token Economy: procedure that rewards desired behavior. Patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for good behavior, for various privileges or treats.

25. Observational Learning’s Impact on Therapy
Bandura’s theories on modeling were extended to therapy when it was shown that clients learn through observation of appropriate behavior (and Rewards) and will be encouraged to imitate the behavior.

26. Discuss How would you treat Captain Hook using: Psychoanalysis
Humanistic therapy
Conditioning