1. Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy
Chapter 8
Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy

2. Work and Potential Energy:B g v0 h
Work and Potential Energy:
During the trip from A to B:
The gravitational force Fg does negative work W1 = -mgh. Energy is transferred by Fg from the kinetic energy of the tomato to the gravitational potential energy U of the tomato-Earth system.
During the trip from B to A:
The transfer is reversed. The work W2 done by Fg is positive ( W2 = mgh ). The gravitational force transfers energy from the gravitational potential energy U of the tomato-Earth system to the kinetic energy of the tomato.
The change in the potential energy U is defined as

3. A B k m
During the trip from A to B: The spring force Fs does negative work W1 = -kx2/2 . Energy is transferred by Fs from the kinetic energy of the mass to the potential energy U of the mass-spring system.
During the trip from B to A: The transfer is reversed. The work W2 done by Fs is positive ( W2 = kx2/2 ). The spring force transfers energy from the potential energy U of the mass-spring system to the kinetic energy of the mass. The change in the potential energy U is defined as

4. Conservative and Nonconservative Forces.
The gravitational force and the spring force are called “conservative” because they can transfer energy from the kinetic energy of part of the system to potential energy and vice versa. m A B v0 fk x d
Frictional and drag forces on the other hand are called “nonconservative”.
Work done by frictional force: Wf = - μkmgd.
The frictional force transfers energy from the kinetic energy of the block to a type of energy called thermal energy.
This energy transfer cannot be reversed. Thermal energy cannot be transferred back to kinetic energy of the block by the kinetic friction.
This is the hallmark of non-conservative forces.

5. Path Independence of Conservative Forces
In this section we will give a test that will help us decide whether a force is conservative or nonconservative.
A force is conservative if the net work done on a particle during a round trip is always equal to zero (see fig. b).
Wnet = Wab,1 + Wba,2 = 0.
From fig. b we have: Wnet = Wab,1 + Wba,2 = Wab,1 = - Wba,2 (eq. 1)
From fig.a we have Wab,2 = - Wba,2 (eq. 2)
By comparing eq. 1 and eq. 2 we get:

6. O x . xi xf
F(x)

7. Gravitational Potential Energy. yi yf mg dy m

8. O
(b) xi x
(c) xf
(a)

13. Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Mechanical energy Emec: Emec=K+U
In an isolated system where only conservatives forces cause energy change Emec is conserved
K=W; U =-W then K=-U
Kf-Ki=-(Uf-Ui)=Ui –Uf
Kf+Uf =Ki+Ui
Emec-f = Emec-i
Emec=0

17. O x .
x + Δx F A B

18. Work Done on a System by an External force
Work Wa is energy transferred to or from a system by means of an external force acting on that system
Work done on a system , no friction involved (Ball –Earth system)
Wa=K+U= Emec

19. Work Done on a System by an External Force
The system under study is a bowling ball being hurled by a player. The system consists of the ball and the Earth taken together. The force exerted on the ball by the player is an external force. In this case the mechanical energy Emec of the system is not constant. Instead it changes by an amount equal to the work W done by the external force according to the equation
Work Wa is energy transferred to or from a system by means of an external force acting on that system a

20. Work done on a system by an external force
Work done on a system , friction involved (Block–floor system)
F-fk=ma;
v2=v02+2ad; a=(v2-v02)/2d
F=fk+ma= fk+m(v2-v02)/2d
Wa =Fd=fkd+m(v2-v02)/2
Wa =fkd +K= Eth + Emec
Eth=fkd
Wa=K+U= Emec + Eth

21. Q42:
A worker pushed a 27 kg block 9.2 m along a level floor at constant speed with a force directed at 32o below the horizontal. If the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and floor was 0.20,what were:
(a) the work done by the worker's force
(b)the increase in thermal energy of the block- floor system?

23. Conservation of Energy
Total energy E= Emec+Eth+Eint
The total energy E of a system can change only by amounts of energy W that are transferred to or from the system
W=E=  Emec+  Eth+  Eint , W is work done on the system.
Isolated System: The total energy E of an isolated system cannot be changed then
E=  Emec+  Eth+  Eint=0
Emec-f-Emec-i + Eth+  Eint=0
Emec,2 = Emec,1 -  Eth -  Eint