1. NATIONALISM IN INDIA
-Amrita Saluja
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2. Growth of Modern Nationalism
A change in people's understanding of who they were, their identity and sense of belongingness.
New symbols and icons, new songs and ideas related to national identity.
In India, it has been connected to anti- colonial movement.
The sense of being oppressed provided a bond that tied many communities.
Each class felt oppression differently and so their notion of freeedom varied.
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3. First World War and its Impact on People of India
War created a new ECONOMIC and POLITICAL situation.
War Increase in defence expenditure increase in taxes custom duties raised, income tax introduced.
prices increased.
forced recruitment- villages forced to supply soldiers for the war.
crop failure in and
influenza epidemic
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4. THE IDEA OF SATYAGRAHA Emphasised on the power of truth.
Physical force is not necessary to fight the oppressor.
Persuade, not force- we should appeal to the conscience of the oppressor.
Dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.
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6. ROWLATT ACT Gave govt power to repress political activities.
Allowed detention of political prisoners without ant trial.
The act was passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite opposition of the Indian members.
Gandhi organised a hartal on 6th April,1919 to oppose this.
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7. EVENTS REVOLVING AROUND ROWLATT SATYAGRAHA (1919)
6th Apr- Hartal: rallies organised, workers went on strike, shops closed down. British reacted to this by distrupting it, picking local leaders and disbarring them from entering Delhi
10th Apr- police in Amritsar fired a peaceful procession; resulted in attacks on banks, post offices; martial law imposed.
13th Apr- Jallianwala Bgh Massacre took place
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8. JALLIANWALA BAGH- THE EVENT AND ITS AFTER EFFECTS
Crowd had gathered to protest against the govt's repressive measures.
Some had come to attend Baisakhi Fair.
General Dyer entered the building, blocked the area and killed hundreds of innocent people, with the objective of instilling fear in the minds of satyagrahis.
People protested- strikes, clashes with the police
Govt responded by humiliating and terrorising, bombing villages.
As a result, Gandhi called off the movement.
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9. KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
After Rowlatt Satyagraha, Gandhi felt need to widespread the movement and so took up the Khilafat issue.
In Turkey, a harsh treaty was going to be imposed on Khalifa, the spiritual head of Islamic world.
Khilafat Committee with the help of two brothers- Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, was set up in March 1919 to defend the Khalifa's powers.
Calcutta session, September convinced Congress to start Khilafat Movement.
Khilafat Movement launched in January 1921.
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10. NON CO-OPERATION MOVEMENT- STAGES
Ist stage: give up the titles the govt has awarded, boycott of civil services, army, police, courts, schools and foreign goods.
IInd stage: if govt uses repression. launch full Civil Disobedience Movement.
Some members of Congress had their apprehensions about this. they were reluctant to bycott council elections of November 1920.
Nagpur Session, Finally a compromise was reached and Non- Cooperation movement was adopted.
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11. SWARAJ- WHAT IT MEANT TO DIFFERENT PEOPLE
Town People
Countryside Peasants
Tribal Peasants
SWARAJ
Plantation Workers
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12. The Movement in the Towns
Middle class participation in towns.
Role of Schools- students left, teachers resigned.
Lawyers gave up their legal practice.
Council Elections boycotted ( except Madras Province)
At Economic Front- Foreign goods boycotted, liquor shops picketed, foreign cloth burnt.
production of Indian textiles went up.
The movement gradually slowed down- Khadi cloth expensive; no Indian Institutes to take place of British Institutes.
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13. Role of Countryside Peasants
In Awadh, movement led by Baba Ramchandra against high rent demanded by talukdars and landlords.
Peasants were forced to work as begars( without any payment)
Movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar system, social boycott of opressive landlords.
October,1920- Oudh Kisan Sabha set up by Jawahar Lal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and others
BUT- peasants attacked the houses of talukdars, looted bazars, hoarded grains, refused to pay taxes in the name of Gandhi.
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14. Role of Tribal Peasants
Tribal Peasants interpreted Swaraj as getting their traditional rights back.
Colonial govt had closed large forest areas, preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, collect fuelworld and fruits.
Govt forced peasants to contribute begar for road building.
Alluri Sitaram Raju led the movement. He was inspired by Gandhi's non-cooperation movement but believed in the force of violence.
They attacked police stations, killed British officials, carried on a guerilla warfare.
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15. Role of Plantation Workers
Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission
thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home.
They were however caught by the police as they were waiting for their train. They were left stranded as there was a strike.
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16. Non Cooperation Movement called off
In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement.
He felt the movement was turning violent in many places and satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggles.
Within the Congress ,some leaders were by now tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in elections to the provincial councils that had been set up by the Government of India Act of 1919.
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17. Simon Commission
The new Tory government in Britain constituted a Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon.
Set up in response to the nationalist movement, the commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.
The problem was that the commission did not have a single Indian member. They were all British.
When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon’.
All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations.
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18. We want ‘ POORNA SWARAJ’!
October Viceroy Irwin offered a vague
offer of ‘dominion status’ for India in an unspecified future, and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future
December under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence for India.
It was declared that 26 January 1930, would be celebrated as the Independence Day when people were to take a pledge to struggle for complete independence.
But the celebrations attracted very little attention.
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19. CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT
On 31 January 1930, Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands .The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax
Mahatma Gandhi started his famous salt march accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers. The march was over 240 miles, from Gandhiji’s ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi.
On 6 April, he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.
This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
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20. How was the Civil Disobedience Movement different from the Non-cooperation Movement?
People were now asked not only to refuse cooperation with the British but also to break colonial laws.
Thousands in different parts of the country broke the salt law, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of government salt factories.
As the movement spread, foreign cloth was boycotted, and liquor shops were picketed.
Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes, village officials resigned, and in many places forest people violated forest laws – going into Reserved Forests to collect wood and graze cattle.
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21. British Reaction to Civil Disobedience Movement
i) When Abdul Ghaffar Khan was arrested in April 1930, angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar. Many were killed.
ii) A month later, when Mahatma Gandhi himself was arrested, industrial workers in Sholapur attacked police posts, municipal buildings, lawcourts and railway stations –all structures that symbolised British rule.
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22. Round Table Conference, 1931
Mahatma Gandhi once again decided to call off the movement and entered into a pact with Irwin on 5 March 1931.
By this Gandhi-­Irwin Pact, Gandhiji consented to participate in a Round Table Conference in London and the government agreed to release the political prisoners.
In December 1931, Gandhiji went to London for the conference, but the negotiations broke down and he returned disappointed.
With great apprehension, Mahatma Gandhi relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement.
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23. Participants of Civil Disobedience Movement
Farmers
women
Industrial workers
SWARAJ
Businessmen
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24. Limits of Civil Disobedience Movement
Dalits
Muslims
SWARAJ
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25. Nationalism and a Sense of Belongingness
Vande Mataram and Bharat Mata by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
Bharat Mata by Abindranath Tagore
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