1. به نام خدا Dominant Role of the Kidney in Long-Term Regulation of Arterial Pressure and in Hypertension: The Integrated System for Pressure Control

2. CONTROL OF EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME
Effective circulating
volume
Volume
sensors
Kidney
Adjustment to NaCl excretion

3. Quantitation of Pressure Diuresis as a Basis for Arterial Pressure Control

4. An Experiment Demonstrating the Renal–Body Fluid System for Arterial Pressure Control

5. Infinite Feedback Gain” Feature
“ the arterial pressure rises until once again it returns exactly to the equilibrium point
Infinite Feedback Gain” Feature

7. the two primary determinants of the long-term arterial pressure level are as follows:
1. The degree of pressure shift of the renal output curve for water and salt
2. The level of the water and salt intake line

8. arterial pressure = cardiac output * total peripheral resistance

11. increase in osmolality caused
Importance of Salt (NaCl) in the Renal–Body Fluid Schema for Arterial Pressure Regulation
increase in osmolality caused
stimulates the thirst center in the brain
stimulates the antidiuretic hormone

12. Hypertension

13. Category
Systolic (mmHg)
Diastolic (mmHg)
Optimal
Normal
High normal
Hypertension
Stage I
Stage II
Stage III
< 120
< 130
> 180
< 80
< 85
85-89
90-99
> 110

14. lethal effects of hypertension are caused mainly in three ways:
1. Excess workload on the heart leads to early heart failure and coronary heart disease, often causing death as a result of a heart attack. 2. cerebral infarct. Clinically it is called a “stroke 3 injury in the kidneys, producing many areas of renal destruction and, eventually, kidney failure, uremia, and death

18. Types of Hypertension Hypertension Caused by Primary Aldosteronism
Hypertension Caused by a Renin-Secreting Tumor or by Infusion of Angiotensin II
Hypertension in the Upper Part of the Body Caused by Coarctation of the Aorta
Hypertension Caused by Diseased Kidneys That Secrete Renin Chronically
Hypertension in Preeclampsia (Toxemia of Pregnancy)
Neurogenic Hypertension
“Primary (Essential) Hypertension”

19. Some of the characteristics of primary hypertension caused by excess weight gain and obesity include:
Cardiac output is increased
Sympathetic nerve activity, especially in the kidneys,
Angiotensin II and aldosterone levels are increased two- to threefold in many obese patients
The renal-pressure natriuresis mechanism is impaired

21. Causes of Hypertension
Genetic factors
Environmental factors
Autonomic abnormalities
Renal functional and structural abnormalities
The renin-angiotenin-aldosterone system
Endothelial dysfunction
Other humoral-endocrine factors
Insulin resistance and other metabolic factors
Cardiovascular structural changes
The multifactorial hypothesis