1. Mini task Fill in the gaps using the terms provided below in the box.
The knee jerk reflex is an example of a reflex arc.
A stimulus, such as a hammer, hits the knee. It is detected by the sense organs in the _________________________, which conveys a message along the __________________________.
The message reaches the _______________, where it connects with a ____________________. This then transfers the message to a ___________________.
This then carries the message to an ____________________, such as a muscle, which causes the muscle to contract and hence, causes the knee to jerk.
CNsS, PNS, sensory, relay, motor Effector
Effector, CNS, sensory neuron, PNS, motor neuron, relay neuron.
Effector, CNS, sensory neuron, PNS, motor neuron, relay neuron.

2. Regulates female secondary sex characteristics
Pituitary gland
Testosterone
Regulates female secondary sex characteristics
Thyroid
Adrenaline
Regulates male secondary sex characteristics
Pancreas
Estrogen/ progesterone
Effects the heart rate and the body metabolic rate.
Hypothalamus
Thyroxine
Prepares the body for fight or flight response
Adrenal medulla
Glucagon & insulin
Controls the release of 8 major hormones by the pituitary gland
Ovaries
It is linked to another small and vital gland called the pituitary gland.
Stimulates release and absorption of glucose
Testes
Master gland
It controls the functioning of the the other endocrine glands in the system

3. Regulates female secondary sex characteristics
Pituitary gland
Testosterone
Regulates female secondary sex characteristics
Thyroid
Adrenaline
Regulates male secondary sex characteristics
Pancreas
Estrogen/ progesterone
Effects the heart rate and the body metabolic rate.
Hypothalamus
Thyroxine
Prepares the body for fight or flight response
Adrenal medulla
Glucagon & insulin
Controls the release of 8 major hormones by the pituitary gland
Ovaries
It is linked to another small and vital gland called the pituitary gland.
Stimulates release and absorption of glucose
Testes
Master gland
It controls the functioning of the the other endocrine glands in the system

4. Adrenaline in turn puts the body on an alert mode to deal with stress- physiological changes such as increased heart rate, rapid breathing, contracted rectum, dilated pupils etc.
Keywords:
ACUTE STRESS: This is stress resulting from specific events or situations that involve novelty, unpredictability, a threat to the ego, and leave us with a poor sense of control. This ‘on the spot’ type of stress can be good for you because the stress hormones released help your mind and body to deal with the situation.
CHRONIC STRESS: This is stress resulting from repeated exposure to situations that lead to the release of stress hormones. This type of stress can cause wear and tear on your mind and body
Adrenaline in turn puts the body on an alert mode to deal with stress- physiological changes such as increased heart rate, rapid breathing, contracted rectum, dilated pupils etc

5. Central nervous system
Name and briefly outline two divisions of the human nervous system. (4)
Identify two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (2)
Outline the role of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. (4)
Endocrine system
Outline the functions of the endocrine system (6)
Explain the relationship between endocrine glands and hormones (4)
Outline the role on one endocrine gland and of one hormone that it produces (4)

6. Missing Words diffuse bind electrical impulse neurotransmitters axon
neuron
1) An ________ impulse travels along an ________.
2) This triggers the nerve-ending of a neurone to release chemical messengers called ______________.
3) These chemicals __________ across the synapse (the gap) and __________ with receptor molecules on the membrane of the next neurone.
4) The receptors on the second ________ bind only to the specific chemicals released from the first neuron. This stimulates the second neuron to transmit the electrical _________.
Electrical, axon, neurotransmitters, diffuse, bind, receptors, neurone, impulse.

7. Synaptic Transmission
Aim:
Label the neuron and synaptic transmission
Apply our knowledge of synaptic transmission

9. Neurones Neuronal cell bodies Axons Synapses occur at the junctions
Source: science photo library
Synapses occur at the junctions

10. Synapses Neurones transmit signals electrically along their axons
The synapses (junctions between neurones) transmit signals chemically

11. Synapse Vesicles filled with neurotransmitter Synaptic cleft
Source: neuroscience.wustl.edu
Location of receptors (post-synaptic density)

12. Vesicles release neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft

13. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors & activates them

14. Excess neurotransmitter is taken up by the pre-synaptic neurone

15. Enzymes are released to break down the remaining neurotransmitter

16. Vesicles are replenished with new & reused neurotransmitter

17. Neurotransmitters
Information is carried by biochemical substances called neurotransmitters. The terminal buttons and the dendrites of other neurons do not touch, but instead pass the information containing neurotransmitters through a Synapse.

18. Neurotransmitters
There are dozens of different neurotransmitters (NT) in the neurons of the body.
NTs can be either excitatory or inhibitory
Each neuron generally synthesizes and releases a single type of neurotransmitter
The major neurotransmitters are indicated on the next slide. There are more types of neurotransmitter than just acetylcholine...

19. Table of neurotransmitters
Dopamine
GABA
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
Glycine
Norepineprine

21. Drugs (of many) which affect Neurotransmission
LSD
Cocaine
Marijuana
Nicotine
1. Increasing number of impulses
2. Release NT from vesicles with or without impulses
3. Block reuptake or block receptors
4. Produce more or less NT
5. Prevent vesicles from releasing NT

22. Quiz, quiz, trade
Look back at the synapse and transmission of a nerve impulse sequence.
Write a question you can answer on a piece of card (put the answer on the back)
Mix around the room with your hand up
High five the nearest person to you
Ask them your question-
Correct? Praise them and answer their question
Not correct? Give them a hint...
Tell them the correct answer and ask them the question again! Trade questions and find someone new!