1. Module 5 Communication, homeostasis & energy
Block 2C – 5.5 Animal responses
5.5.7 Coordinated responses

2. Spec

3. Learning Objectives Success Criteria
To understand how muscles, nerves and hormones work together
State that responses to environmental stimuli in mammals are coordinated by the nervous and endocrine systems
(Grade E - D)
Identify physiological changes in flight or fight response
(Grade C –B)
Explain how the fight or flight response is coordinated by nerves and hormones
(Grade B – A) 3

4. Complete exam question

5. Pulling Together
Responses to environmental stimuli in mammals are coordinated by the nervous and endocrine systems
Stimuli from external environment feed information into systems
Brain assesses appropriate response
Ensure survival
Short term e.g. homeostasis
Long term e.g. reproductive behaviours

6. Flight or Fight Response
Coordinated by nervous and endocrine systems
Threat to safety of organism leads to variety of physiological changes
Either escape or challenge threat
Heightened awareness to assess threat

7. Mind map all the physiological changes these people are experiencing with the fight or flight response

8. Flight or Fight Response: Physiological Changes
Heart rate increases
Arterioles to muscles dilate
Blood glucose levels increase
Metabolic rate increases
Ventilation rate increases
Endorphins (natural pain killers) released
How does each of these changes help the person prepare for action

9. Survival value
Annotate each physiological response to explain how it helps the person survive.

10. Flight of Fight Response
Cerebral understanding of threat received from receptors
Signals passed to association centres and hypothalamus is activated
Stimulates sympathetic nervous system
Stimulates the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland
Receptors such as eyes, ears nose – detect an external threat. Internal receptors detect pain, or increase/decrease in BP.

11. The action of the hypothalamus
Complete the flow diagram on page 99 to explain the action of the hypothalamus, add to your diagram information on tropic hormones page 100
Increasing sympathetic – increases activity of the effectors – RAPID RESPONSE BY NERVES. PROLONGED RESPONSE = ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

12. Adrenaline – Cell signalling
Adrenaline (first messenger) binds to adrenaline receptor. This receptor is associated with A g protein, which is stimulated to activate enzyme adenyl cyclase
Adenyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP) this is the second messenger
cAMP causes an effect inside the cell
Adrenaline does not cross the membrane (amino acid derivative) Protein kinase A can have different effects depending on the cell the adrenaline has bound to. It can also affect Ca channels which in turn affect muscle contraction

13. Hormones
Hypothalamus releases hormones into the blood, these pass down the portal vessel to the pituitary gland and stimulate the release of tropic hormones, which then stimulate the endocrine glands

14. Exam questions
How does the secretion of adrenaline prepare the body for muscular activity? (4 marks)
Adrenaline and cyclic AMP are both messengers molecules. Explain how they perform different but related functions. (2 marks)
Explain how the release of adrenaline from the adrenal gland can bring about responses in a range of tissue types (2 marks)

15. Plenary - SA
Adrenaline increases the level of glucose in the blood (1) increases ventilation rate (1) increases heart rate (1) cause the arteriole to the muscle to dilate (1)
Adrenaline binds to the receptor on the surface of a cell causing a response inside the cell (1) cAMP acts on enzymes inside the cell bringing about a response (1)
Adrenaline travels through the blood (1) Blood reaches all cells in the body, and adrenaline binds with receptors on the surface of different tissue types(1)

16. Learning Objectives Success Criteria
To understand how muscles, nerves and hormones work together
State that responses to environmental stimuli in mammals are coordinated by the nervous and endocrine systems
(Grade E - D)
Identify physiological changes in flight or fight response
(Grade C –B)
Explain how the fight or flight response is coordinated by nerves and hormones
(Grade B – A) 17