1. Chapter 1 The Collision of Cultures

2. Spain in the New World
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What were the Spanish seeking to accomplish by sailing west across the Atlantic to the Americas? Initially, of course, they were searching for a passage to Asia, the rich spices and gold and silk clothing of Japan, China, and India. Once they realized they were not finding a way to Asia in the Americas, they focused on trying to find gold and silver and copper often forcing the Native Americans to mine those precious metals for them. As the gold and the silver were exhausted, the Spanish focused on settling, creating settlements and expressing the religious goal of converting the Indians to the Catholic faith. So they formed missions in which they forced the Native Americans to farm for them at the same time that they were converting them to Christianity. And then eventually, of course, the Spanish formed a trading empire among their American colonies and developed a very successful international trade as the result of it. But over time, of course, it meant that the native peoples were either decimated by disease or warfare. And eventually, of course, they were pushed out or died out as result of the Spanish efforts in North America.

3. Pre-Columbian Indian Civilizations
Early Cultures
The Mayas, Aztecs, Chibchas, and Incas
The first settlers to the Americas were nomadic and followed the herds of animals that they hunted. As the game moved south, so did the hunters, populating the land as they traveled.
Permanent farming towns would emerge in Mexico about 2000 B.C., populated by the Mayans. The Mayan culture would eventually collapse and be replaced by that of the Aztecs.
Farther south, in present-day Columbia, the Chibchas would build an empire similar to that of the Aztecs, but on a smaller scale
The first settlers to the Americas were nomadic and followed the herds of animals that they hunted. As the game moved south, so did the hunters, populating the land as they traveled.
Permanent farming towns would emerge in Mexico about 2000 B.C., populated by the Mayans. The Mayan culture would eventually collapse and be replaced by that of the Aztecs.
Farther south, in present-day Columbia, the Chibchas would build an empire similar to that of the Aztecs, but on a smaller scale.

4. Aztec Sacrifices to the Gods
Renowned for military prowess, Aztecs would capture and then sacrifice their enemies.

5. Pre-Columbian Indian Civilizations, continued
Indian Cultures of North America Tribes were nomadic, as forests and grasslands were not hospitable to cultivate.
Three Distinct Civilization Trends Emerged
Adena-Hopewell culture- Midwest between 800 BC and 600 AD
Mississippian culture AD
Anasazi culture- still exists from 400 BC
The Indian civilizations in North America differed from the farm communities and cities in Central America. They were more nomadic, as the forests and grasslands were not as hospitable for cultivation. During this time, there were three distinct periods of civilization:
The Adena-Hopewell culture flourished in the Midwest between 800 B.C. and A.D. 600.
The Mississippian culture occupied the second era, between A.D. 930 and 1350.
The final culture, Anasazi, still exists, and has lasted from 400 B.C. to the present. These are the people we think of when we consider the Native American society and culture.

6. Population of North America- 10 million Eastern Woodlands tribes-
Native Americans in 1500
Population of North America- 10 million
Eastern Woodlands tribes-
Composed of 3 regional groups
Algonquian, Iroquois, Muskogean
Primarily fishers and hunters with rudimentary farming.
Great Plains tribes
Nomadic‘
Followed bison
Western tribes
California coast, fishing, seals, whaling as source of food
When the first Europeans arrived, as many as 10 million Native Americans lived in the “New World.”
The Eastern Woodlands tribes were composed of three regional groups, the Algonquian, the Iroquoian, and the Muskogean. Each of these had sub-groups within them. Primarily, they were fishers and hunters, with some rudimentary farming as well.
The Plains Indians lived on the Great Plains of North America. Principally nomadic, they would follow the great herds of bison that provided them their primary sustenance.
The Western tribes were involved in fishing, whaling, and sealing.

7. Algonquian Chief in War Paint
From the notebook of English settler John White, this sketch depicts an Indian chief.

8. The Expansion of Europe
Renaissance Geography
Technological Innovation Spurs a Desire for Knowledge in 15th century
The role of the compass and the astrolabe
Accurate maps help spur trade
Rise of trade fosters growth of towns
Helps lead to larger ships to carry goods
For Europe, the fifteenth century was an age of technological advancement. The acceptance of the compass and the astrolabe allowed for more accurate maps, which spurred the development of trade. The rise of trade fostered the growth of towns and the creation of larger ships to carry products.

9. The Expansion of Europe, continued
The Growth of Trade, Towns, and Nation-States
Prior to 15th century, shipping trade was expensive and dangerous.
Few had money to pay costs and risk it.
Leads to rise of nation-states and centralized rulers.
Caravels
England, France, Portugal, and Spain become powerful
Creation of unified currency and abolition of trade barriers.
Prior to the fifteenth century, shipping trade was expensive and dangerous. Very few people had the money to pay for such shipping and even fewer were willing to risk it on such a venture.
The rise of the nation-states and the consolidation of empires under centralized rulers allowed for the creation of uniformed currency within the area, trade reform, and the abolition of trade barriers. It also created vast sums of wealth that could be used to finance sea trade.

10. The Voyages of Christopher Columbus
Early years, Italian educated in Portugal.
Persuades Ferdinand and Isabella to finance voyage after turned away by Portugal, France and other rulers.
His voyage of discovery in 1492 with 3 ships and land in the Bahamas.
Convinced her landed on an island off the coast of Asia.
Later voyages to find route to Asia failed.
America named for Amerigo Vespucci
Mapmaker who first suggested in 1499, that the new land was not an island and was a continent
Columbus was an Italian who was educated in seamanship in Portugal. He persuaded King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain to finance a trip across the Atlantic Ocean searching for a westward passage to Asia.
Columbus would sail with three ships and land in the Bahamas. He was convinced that he had landed at an island off of the coast of Asia. Later voyages would look for a western passage to no avail.
A mapmaker named Amerigo Vespucci would be the first to suggest, in 1499, that the new landmass encountered was too large to be an island and must be a continent. America was named in his honor.

11. Columbus’s Voyages
How many voyages did Columbus make to the Americas? What is the origin of the name for the Caribbean Sea? What happened to the colony that Columbus left on Hispaniola in 1493?

12. Professional Explorers
Sponsored by nation-states creates new explorers to claim soil.
“Right of Discovery”
John Cabot- Discovers “new founde lande”
Later becomes Canada
Gives his sponsor King Henry VII claim to all N.America
Balboa becomes 1st European to see Pacific Ocean landing on the isthmus of Panama and going west.
Ferdinand Magellan leads voyage to circumnavigate the globe.
He dies, but a small crew makes it home after 2 years.
Sponsored by nation-states, the new profession of professional explorers emerged. By sighting new lands, nations could claim primacy on their soil, thus making this profession very desirable.
John Cabot would discover a “new founde lande,” which would become Canada, and gave his sponsor, King Henry VII of England, claim to all North America. Balboa would become the first European to see the Pacific Ocean from the New World, having landed on the isthmus of Panama and traveling west.
Ferdinand Magellan’s crew would be the first to circumnavigate the globe, although Magellan would not live to complete the voyage.

13. The Protestant Revolution
Early Causes and Spread of the Movement
Europe was at war involving Reformation.
Martin Luther- begins Reformation by proclaiming abuses of the Catholic church.
John Calvin and his writings change the way Christianity was preached.
Persuaded people away from dogma taught by Catholicism.
Reformation in England
Political reasons lead Henry VIII to reform Church of England
Wanted divorce from his wife, who was aunt to Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
Denied divorce and declares himself as head of church.
At the same time that Spain was colonizing the Americas, the rest of Europe was at war involving the Protestant Reformation. England and France, the only other two nations capable of contesting Spanish settlements in the New World, would wage a series of wars that occupied the majority of their time and resources.
Martin Luther would begin the Reformation by proclaiming a list of abuses of the Catholic Church.
John Calvin’s writings would change the way Christianity was preached, and would persuade people away from the dogma taught by Catholicism.
Purely political reasons would lead Henry VIII to begin the reformation of the Church of England. He wanted a divorce from his wife, who was aunt to the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and the protector of all things Catholic. When the request was denied, Henry established himself as the head of the church and divorced her.

14. Cortés’s Conquest- Spanish conquistador Defeats Aztecs in 2 years
The Spanish Empire
Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 with Spain and Portugal granted rights to New World.
Spain had significant tech advancements over Indian tribes in Mexico
Iron, sailing, cannon and domesticated horses.
Disease kills about 90% of Indian population
Cortés’s Conquest- Spanish conquistador
Defeats Aztecs in 2 years
Conquistadores
Thanks to the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 between Spain and Portugal, the two nations best posed for water exploration at the time, Spain was granted all rights to the New World. Spain wasted no time in establishing itself in the New World and within a generation had inserted itself firmly into the civilizations there.
This was easily done by having an upper hand in the clash of cultures. Spain held significant technological advancements over the Indian tribes in Mexico, such as iron, sail-powered ships, cannon, and domesticated horses. These easily made up for being tremendously outnumbered by the Native Americans. The sudden influx of diseases the Spaniards brought with them also contributed to their successes.
Hernán Cortés, a Spanish conquistador, led the first assault on the Aztec Empire, at first defeating the natural enemies of the Aztecs and then persuading them to join the conquistadores.

15. Cortés in Mexico
A page from the Lienzo de Tlaxcala, a historical narrative from the sixteenth century. The scene, in which Cortés is shown seated on a throne, depicts the arrival of the Spanish in Tlaxcala.

16. The Spanish Empire, continued
Spanish Invaders
Hernán Cortés-
Persuaded Aztec enemies to join him on his march to Aztec capital.
Persuaded Montezuma to allow him to enter city in peace believing he was a god.
Gains access and control of gold and silver mines.
Francisco Pizarro
Conquistador who defeats Inca empire in Peru
Cortés persuaded or forced many of the Aztecs’ natural enemies to join with the conquistadors as they marched on the Aztec capitol city. Through persuasion, he was able to enter with his forces into Tenochtitlán in a peaceful manner. He befriended Emperor Montezuma and gained control of the Aztecs’ gold and silver mines.
Pizarro would lead a group of conquistadores from Panama to Peru, where they subdued the Inca Empire.

17. The Columbian Exchange
Animals- squirrel, iguana, catfish, rattlesnake and armadillos
Plants – corn, potatoes, peanuts, peppers and pumpkins
Devices- canoes, snowshoes, hammocks and lacrosse.
New World- tobacco and drugs
Diseases- plague, malaria, yellow fever
The two continents were very dissimilar in the manner of plants, animals, devices, and also diseases. After Columbus’s trips to America, future voyages would begin a cultural exchange between the Old and New Worlds.
Animals new to the Old World included the flying squirrel, iguana, catfish, rattlesnake, and armadillos. Animals new to the New World included horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats.
Plants new to the Old World included corn, potatoes, peanuts, peppers, and pumpkins. Plants new to the New World included coffee, olives, wheat, and rice.
Devices new to the Old World included canoes, snowshoes, hammocks, and the game of lacrosse. Devices new to the New World included the use of tobacco and several drugs.
Diseases new to the New World included smallpox, bubonic plague, malaria, and yellow fever. The transmission of these diseases killed more Native Americans than did any other event.

18. Growth of European settlements in the New World
Spanish America
Growth of European settlements in the New World
Implementation of the encomienda system
Rewarded officers with land grants and control
Introduction of slavery due to Indian deaths
“heathens converted by force
The role of the Catholic church
Bartolomé de Las Casas- priest in Cuba,
Published accounts of Indian treatment and brought change to colonial policy
By the sixteenth century, Spain’s settlements in the New World stretched from South America to the southern portion of North America. In order to maintain these civilizations, the encomienda system was established. By rewarding faithful officers with land grants and the control of the neighboring villages and Indian tribes, Spain hoped to be able to better cultivate its resources while at the same time establishing a support system for its missions.
By this same time in the West Indies, the Native American population had been virtually wiped out by disease, making it necessary to import African slaves, who had already been exposed to diseases of the Old World, to take their place.
Through the various religious orders of Catholicism, the empire hoped to establish a Christian empire in the New World. Differing methods existed for converting the “heathen” natives to Catholicism, but by the end of the sixteenth century, most believed it was easier to convert them by force than by persuasion.
De Las Casas, a priest in Cuba, would publish his account of the Spaniards’ treatment of the natives, which would lead the Spanish crown to reconsider their colonial policy in the New World.

19. Spanish Explorations of the Mainland
What were the Spanish conquistadores’ goals for exploring the Americas? How did Cortés conquer the Aztecs? Why did the Spanish first explore North America, and why did they establish St. Augustine, the first European settlement in what would become the United States?

20. Spanish Exploration in North America
Differences between Spanish America and North America
Lack of established civilizations
Central America- moved into preexisting cities
Introduction of the hacienda system
Instead of city, smaller farm or ranch would be overseen.
Spanish Explorers
Juan Ponce de Leon- short-lived colony in Carolina coast.
Pánfilo de Narváez
Hernando de Soto- traveled Miss. river
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado- searched for 7 cities of Cibola and Texas.
Spanish settlements did not take hold in North America as fast as they had in Central America. This was mainly due to the lack of established civilizations of Native Americans in North America.
In Central America, the Spaniards moved into preexisting cities and took them over. In the North, no such settlements existed. The nomadic lifestyle and lack of precious resources in North America precluded the influx of capital necessary to sustain a viable settlement.
As corruption and wealth grew among the conquistadores, the encomienda system would be replaced with the hacienda. Instead of a city, a smaller farm or ranch would be overseen by an appointed bureaucrat. This would not stop Spanish settlers from seeking their fame and fortune in North America.
Juan Ponce de Leon established a short-lived colony on the Carolina coast. Hernando de Soto traveled up the Mississippi and Arkansas rivers. Francisco Vásquez de Coronado would search New Mexico following rumors of gold.

21. Missionaries in the “New World”
A Spanish mission in New Mexico, established to spread the Catholic faith among the indigenous peoples.

22. Early Spanish Settlements in What Would Become the United States
Early Settlements
Early Spanish Settlements in What Would Become the United States
Buffer to French, English, and Russians
Huguenots (Protestants)- created St. Augustine in Florida by Spain to buffer French
St. Augustine- oldest city in America
Many of the early Spanish settlements in what is now the United States were established as buffers to French, English, and Russian settlements.
St. Augustine was created on the southern end of Florida to protect Spanish settlements from French Huguenots (Protestants) who had established colonies in the New World in present-day South Carolina

23. The role of the missions Juan de Oñate and New Mexico
The Spanish Southwest
The role of the missions
Pacify Indians and not conquer them
Juan de Oñate and New Mexico
Brutally put down rebellion of Pueblo Indians
Decreed all males over 25 should have 1 foot severed due to rebellion
Pope’s Rebellion- fails and Onate punishes Pueblos
Horses and the Great Plains
Cause intertribal war due to value.
Spaniards in the first permanent settlements in the Southwest were more eager to pacify the Native Americans there than to conquer them. They therefore established missions in order to convert them to Catholicism and “civilize” them.
Juan Oñate was given a land grant of what is present-day New Mexico. He brutally put down a rebellion of Pueblo Indians that same year and decreed that all Pueblo males over the age of 25 should have one foot severed to remind the Native Americans what would happen if they chose to rebel again.
Not native to the New World, the horse became the Plains Indians’ most useful tool and weapon. Horses became so valuable that they intensified intertribal warfare as the Indians fought for their control.

24. Plains Indians
The horse-stealing raid depicted in this hide painting demonstrates the essential role horses played in Plains life.

25. Challenges to the Spanish Empire
England and France turn to New World
French Efforts
Giovanni da Verrazzano explored the coast in 1524 trying to find India.
Jacques Cartier would make three voyages to establish colonies.
Explored Gulf of St. Lawrence and River between Canada and New York
French lose interest in the area.
Following the “solidification” of the Protestant Reformation, both England and France would turn their attention to the rise of Spanish power in the New World.
Giovanni da Verrazzano would attempt to discover a western passage through to India, to no avail.
Jacques Cartier would explore the Gulf of St. Lawrence in Canada and would travel up the St. Lawrence River between Canada and New York. After that, the French became mired in religious wars and lost interest in the area.

26. English, French, and Dutch Explorations
Who were the first European explorers to rival Spanish dominance in the “New World,” and why did they cross the Atlantic? Why was the defeat of the Spanish Armada important to the history of English exploration? What was the significance of the voyages of Gilbert and Raleigh?

27. Challenges to the Spanish Empire, continued
Dutch Opposition to Spanish Control
Rebellion of the Netherlands in 1567 to 1648
British Efforts to Subvert Spanish Control
Queen Elizabeth’s “Sea Dogges”: John Hawkins and Francis Drake
The Spanish Armada- threat to English throne.
1588- fleet mostly destroyed by storm.
Gave England free reign in New World.
The Netherlands had passed to Spanish control and revolted against that rule in It would last until 1648.
Queen Elizabeth would actively work to subvert the policies of the Spanish, but not engage in actual warfare. She walked a fine line with her privateers, led by John Hawkins and Francis Drake.
Perhaps Queen Elizabeth’s most dire threat to her throne came in the form of the Spanish Armada, which was dispatched in 1588 to defeat the British navy and remove Elizabeth as queen. The ”invincible” armada was destroyed in a storm on the way. With the armada thus defeated, England gained a free hand in establishing settlements in the New World.

28. Queen Elizabeth I
Queen Elizabeth I, shown here in her coronation robes, ca. 1559

29. The Arrival of the English in Virginia
The arrival of English explorers on the Outer Banks, with Roanoke Island at left.

30. The role of Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh
English Exploration
The role of Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh
Gilbert secures patent to set up colony in New World.
Fails twice and was lost at sea
Raleigh, his half brother establishes Roanoke in N.Carolina.
The lost colony of Roanoke
Raleigh returns 3 years later and colony is gone.
Gilbert would secure a patent to establish a colony in the New World. After two failed attempts, he was lost at sea. His half-brother Raleigh established a colony in present-day North Carolina and then returned to England. When he returned three years later, the colony had vanished. Recent evidence has revealed that the colony experienced a severe drought during the time he was gone.

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This concludes the Lecture PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 1 The Collision of Cultures
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