1. Wilsonian Progressivism at Home and Abroad
Chapter 29

2. How did Wilson differ from Roosevelt and Taft?

3. New Directions of Foreign Policy
Policy focus: Domestic or Foreign?
Called on to initiate _________ policies
Ended up spending most of presidency on foreign issues

4. New Directions of Foreign Policy (Quick blurbs)
Dislike of “Dollar Diplomacy”
Declared a cessation of this policy
Hated imperialism
Remember the Confederate sympathy – “right to self determination”
Jones Act 1916 (Philippines)
“Protect democracy…don’t seek to spread it”

5. Cont’d Wilson and the Monroe Doctrine…and his accidental imperialism
The protection of democracy inevitably meant that the “new direction” became the old direction
Nicaragua, Haiti, Dominican Republic
All are inevitably occupied after failed attempts to aid the islands
Virgin Islands 1916

6. The Mexican Debacle Bloody Revolution (1913)
Military coup lead by Victoriano Huerta
Wilson denounces the actions of Huerta
Wilson attempts to initiate peaceful negotiations
No luck
Wilson allows weapons purchases by his enemies

7. Cont’d Tampico Incident (April 9, 1914) Seaport
Group of American sailors arrested
Quickly released and an apology given
Salute asked for, NOT given
Troops sent to Veracruz
Battle ensues
Quick American victory
Huerta flees…Venustiano Carranza in.

9. SUMMATION - RESPOND
Assess the relationship between the United States and Mexico following the Tampico Incident.

10. Primary Source document
The shot that changed the course of world history

11. BELLWORK
This is a portion of a picture. Write a 5 sentence paragraph (minimum) about the picture…even if you have no clue. Make a guess. What is it’s purpose? Tell me what else is occurring in the other portions of the picture.

12. Thunder Across The Sea Nationalism and Self-Determination
Slavs – Serbia, Bosnia, Russia, etc.
Yugoslavs – “South Slavs” (Yugoslavia)
Annexation of Bosnia
June 28, 1913
Heir to the AH throne visits Bosnia to inspect troops
Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo Bosnia
Primary source document
The death that caused 16 million deaths

13. Thunder Across The Sea
Triple Alliance

14. Thunder Across The Sea
Triple Entente

15. Declarations of War
Stopping Slavic nationalism to preserve the AH empire
Ultimatum is issued
July 28, 1914 – AH declares war on Serbia
July 30 – Russia mobilizes
Aug 1 – Germany DOW on Russia
Aug 3 – Germany DOW on France, invades Belgium
Aug 4 – Britain DOW on Germany
Aug 6 - AH DOW on Russia
Aug 12 – France and Britain DOW on AH

16. The Balkans

17. Wartime Alliances Allies Central Powers France Britain Russia
Formerly the Triple Entente Powers
France
Britain
Russia
Italy (1915)
Central Powers
Formerly the Triple Alliance Powers
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire (1915) – AKA Turkey
Bulgaria (1915)

19. A Precarious Neutrality
Should the U.S. remain neutral?
Why or why not?
Taking sides in the U.S.
8 million German immigrants
4.5 million Irish
In general, public opinion supported the Allies
Dislike of Kaiser Wilhelm II
British and French ties

20. America’s Financial Capitalization
U.S. recession
War time trade with Britain and France helps
But frustrates the Central Powers
International Neutrality Laws
Can’t trade with one side and not the other and remain neutral
“British blockade, not U.S. choice…”

22. Germany Responds Submarine warfare is announced
An area around the British isles is demarcated as a submarine war zone
Unterseeboot (U-boat)
American merchant ships to be in harms way
Germany would TRY not to sink neutral ships

25. The Lusitania First few months in 1915, 90 ships sunk in the war zone
May 7, 1915 – The British passenger liner Lusitania is sunk
1,198 die – 128 Americans
American blood begins to boil

27. The War to End All Wars
Chapter 30

28. War by Act of Germany Trench warfare
Brutal
Atrition
High casualties
Staggering loss of life (German’s had lost around a million by 1917)
German government felt pressure to hasten the end of the war.

29. Cont’d Unrestricted submarine warfare is announced (Jan. 31, 1917)
Any ship in war zone will be sunk
Wilson breaks off diplomatic relations
…but still remained opposed to involvement
March 1, 1917…it all changes

30. The Z Note
German telegram, sent Jan. 16, intercepted by British intelligence
Arthur Zimmerman
Proposed a German-Mexican alliance
Mexico would regain land lost to U.S. if…..
Sent to U.S diplomats, to Wilson, to…

31. STOP

33. German unrestricted submarine warfare begins
February 1, 1917
Feb. 19th – decoded message given to diplomats
March 1st – telegram information released
American opinion shifts…the public cries out for German punishment
Four unarmed American merchant vessels sunk in early March
These two = the last straw

34. “Making the world safe for democracy”
April 2, 1917 – Wilson solemnly asks Congress for a declaration of war
April 6, 1917 – U.S. declares war on Germany
Only 50 Reps and 6 senators vote nea (including Jeannette Rankin, the first female congress-woman)

35. Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Wilson, leader of the cause
Idealistic and eloquent
“Make the world safe for democracy”
The American Pied Piper of WWI
(Jan. 8, Read the Fourteen Points)

36. 1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be left to develop     her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover Alsace-Lorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to "along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in Austria-Hungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be allowed for the Balkan states.
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have access to the sea.
14. THE EXCLAMATION POINT

37. (Fourteen Points cont’d)
14th point
The League of Nations
A collective body of nations designed to provide global security, protection of all nations’ sovereignty.
Extremely controversial...
TO BE CONTINUED…

38. Creel Manipulates Minds
Committee on Public Information
George Creel
His job:
Sell the war to the public; Wilson’s ideas to the world
Employed 150,000 workers worldwide
75,000 "four-minute men": gave speeches with "patriotic pep"
Depicted Germany as a brutal beast
Stirred up hatred towards the Kaiser

39. Propaganda
Types of media used

48. Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent
Hatred and distrust for all things German
“liberty cabbage”, “liberty steak”
German books, German music
Espionage Act of 1917
Interfering with military operations, aiding the enemy (i.e. spying, etc.)
Sedition Act of 1918
Basically censored any criticism of the government during wartime
Controversial – WHY?
Schenck v. U.S. – affirmed their legality
Clear and present danger theory

49. The Nation’s Factories and their Workers
War Industries Board
Barnard Baruch
Designed to coordinate the production and purchase of war materials
Also did psychological testing…FOR WHAT?
Government econ. control during crisis

50. Cont’d National War Labor Board Labor grievances Led by Taft
Designed to handle labor disputes
Worker’s saw wage increases of more than 20%
Labor grievances
Strikes over rights to organize as unions
1919 – over 250,000 steel workers went on strike
African American strikebreakers

51. Suffering Until Suffrage
The Great War splits the Women’s movement
National Woman’s Party – Alice Paul (pacifist)
NAWSA (pro-war)
Different perspectives on the war
Women in the factories and fields
Women’s support for war earns nod from Wilson
1920 – 19th amendment.
Women’s gains still minimal
Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act 1921

53. Forging a War Economy Food Administration Herbert Hoover
Voluntary compliance over mandates
No rationing
Relied on patriotism-providing propaganda
“Food will win the war”
Meatless and Wheatless days
“victory gardens”
Successful
Farm production increases by ¼
Food exports to Allies triples

54. Liberty and Victory Loan Drives
Fuel Administration
Heatless, lightless, and gasless days
Liberty and Victory Loan Drives
“Halt the Hun”
Raised 2/3 of the cost of the war for the U.S.
Bond buttons
Gov’t expands in size and power
Quotas, pricing, daylight savings time, railroad takeover etc.

55. Making Plowboys into Doughboys
The Allied Forces urge U.S. Army participation
Fatigue, casualties
Wilson didn’t want conscription
But saw it, unfortunately, as a temporary necessity
Six weeks after DOW, bill passes
18-45; no exemption purchases or substitutes

56. Women in WWI Navy Army 11,000 Standard uniform and official rank
Clerical duties, radio operators, pharmacists, photographers, torpedo assemblers
Army
No enlistment
Temporary hires – 20,000: nurses including 10,000 overseas

57. Fighting in France - Belatedly
The Russian Revolution
Bolsheviks
Vladimir Lenin
Dec. 15, 1917 ceasefire declared
March 3, 1918 – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Germans shift focus to
Americans arrive one year after DOW
Replacements/quiet areas

58. America Helps Hammer the Hun
Spring of 1918…Germans charge full-speed towards Paris.
40 miles
Chateau-Thierry
First significant engagement of U.S. forces in a European war
30,000
Second Battle of the Marne
Allied counteroffensive
Germans withdraw and never reverse course

59. Meuse-Argonne offensive
John Pershing
Leads independent American line of 85 miles
Largest battle in American history
1.2 million
120,000
The white flag is in sight

60. The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany
German officials sought a peace based on the Fourteen Points
Afraid of peace by other allied terms
Kaiser forced to abdicate, flees to Holland
November 11, 1918 at 11 o’clock
Germany surrenders
America explodes with jubilation
However, 53,000…

61. Total Mobilized Forces Casualties as % of Forces
Country
Total Mobilized Forces
Killed
Wounded
Prisoners and Missing
Total Casualties
Casualties as % of Forces
ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED POWERS
Russia
12,000,000
1,700,000
4,950,000
2,500,000
9,150,000
76.3
British Empire
8,904,467
908,371
2,090,212
191,652
3,190,235
35.8
France
8,410,000
1,357,800
4,266,000
537,000
6,160,800
73.3
Italy
5,615,000
650,000
947,000
600,000
2,197,000
39.1
United States
4,355,000
53,000
204,002
4,500
323,018
7.1
Japan
800,000
300
907 3
1,210
0.2
Romania
750,000
335,706
120,000
80,000
535,706
71.4
Serbia
707,343
45,000
133,148
152,958
331,106
46.8
Belgium
267,000
13,716
44,686
34,659
93,061
34.

62. Total Mobilized Forces Casualties as % of Forces
Country
Total Mobilized Forces
Killed
Wounded
Prisoners and Missing
Total Casualties
Casualties as % of Forces
Germany
11,000,000
1,773,700
4,216,058
1,152,800
7,142,558
64.9
Austria-Hungary
7,800,000
1,200,000
3,620,000
2,200,000
7,020,000
90.0
Turkey
2,850,000
325,000
400,000
250,000
975,000
34.2
Bulgaria
87,500
152,390
27,029
266,919
22.2
TOTAL
22,850,000
3,386,200
8,388,448
3,629,829
15,404,477
67.4
GRAND TOTAL
65,038,810
8,528,831
21,189,154
7,750,919
37,466,904
57.

63. Wilson Step Down from Olympus
Political “truce” during the war
Wilson breaks the truce at midterms
Backfires
Republicans take Congress
No legislative majority

64. The Conference and the Treaty
Paris Peace Conference
Many attend
Four run the show
“The Big Four”
Why?????
The League Covenant
Rejoice for Wilson…not so fast……
Irreconcilables (rev their engines)
Militant isolationists
Henry Cabot Lodge, William Borah, Hiram Johnson (what party?)
“We won’t approve…”
Left to Right: David Lloyd George, Vittorio Orlando, Georges Clemenceau, Woodrow Wilson

66. The Peace Treaty that Bred a New War
Wilson’s hands are tied
Compromise for the sake of the League
Treaty of Versailles completed, given to Germany (June, 1919)
“BETRAYAL!” (?)
Wilson…not happy

68. Death of Wilson’s Hope and The Birth of Death
Wilson has a stroke while touring for support of the Treaty
1920 election - Warren G. Harding (Rep) defeats James M. Cox (Dem)
Treaty never passes
The League, part of the Treaty, is also dead for the U.S.
Without U.S. support the Treaty of Versailles will fail…
…and Hitler will rise.