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Shrinking Your Backup/Recovery Window – Step by Step
Debbie Saugen
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Shrinking the Backup/Recovery Windows
The Big Question: "How Fast Can I Backup and Recover?" Cartridge System Tape IBM Enhanced Capacity
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The Answer: "It Depends!" Factors Influencing Backup/Recovery Performance
Hardware Tape Devices Tape Device Attachment Card Number of DASD Units Data Spread Across Workload Type Large Files User Mix Source Files IFS (Domino) Data Compression, Data Compaction and Optimum Block Size (USEOPTBLK) Main Storage Memory and Pool Sizes Save of Access Paths
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Overview of Factors Influencing Save Performance
Target device technology + Bus and HSL speed + Disk configuration + Connection technology CPU and memory + + Data Type (size and quantity) = Your save performance GB per hour saved or restored
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The Backup/Recovery Challenge
Minimize backup window (daily, weekly, etc.) Minimum complexity Maximum coverage Transaction recovery Minimum recovery time Minimum complexity
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Shrinking Your Backup/Recovery Windows
Latest Tape Technology Saving to Save Files Saving to Virtual Tape (New for V5R4) SAVSYINF and RSTSYSINF (New for V5R4) Concurrent/Parallel Save/Restore Alternatives for Minimal Downtime Saves Save-while-active External Disk FlashCopy High Availability Software IFS Save/Restore Performance Online Lotus Servers Backup Omit Non Critical Data Archive Historical Data Reorganize Files Recovery Enhancements 1 12 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
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Latest Tape Technology
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Tape Options for System i and i5/OS
TS3500 TS3310 TS3100 3580 TS3200 TS1120 QIC, VXA, Half High LTO-2 LTO Family Enterprise Family VXA QIC Half High LTO-2 Low cost Good capacity Good speed SCSI only High capacity Fast streaming operations High performance Industrial strength Fast streaming and start/stop operations
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LTO Ultrium Tape Family
TS3500 / 3584 Note: TS1030 fibre LTO-3 drives in the TS3500 report as machine 3588-F3B 3582 TS3200 3580 3583 TS3310 3581 TS3100 3580 TS3100 TS3200 TS3310 3584 / TS3500 Machine Name 3573-L2U 3573-L4U 3576 3584 Max # drives 1 6 10 192 Max # Cartridges 7 or 8 (*) 72 212 >6200 Partition Capable No No No Yes Yes (Aug 4/06) Yes Yes Yes LVD Drives Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes / No Fibre Drives 2 Gbit Gbit 2 Gbit Gbit 2 Gbit 4 Gbit 2 Gbit / 4Gbit
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IBM TS1120 Enterprise Tape (3592-E05)
Second generation of 3592 Tape 100 MB/sec native (compared with 40 MB/sec on 3592-J1A) Media Compatibility: Can read Gen1 formatted Tapes (300 GB native) Can write Gen 1 formatted tapes with June 2006 code/PTFs Can reformat Gen1 tapes to Gen2 format (500 GB native) Dual 4 Gbit Fibre ports Improved reliability and error identification RoHS compliant (Reduction of Hazardous Substances) Supports Tape Encryption when used in a TS3400 or TS3500 (3584) tape library
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New TS3400 Tape Library Desktop or Rack Mountable, 2 Drive Library/Autoloader for TS1120 4 Gbps fibre channel Bar code reader standard Supports encryption, WORM 2 Removable Cartridge Magazines Each holds up to 9 cartridges Storage Capacity up to 12.6 TB (up to 25.2 TB with 2:1 compression) Ability to Partition into 2 Logical Libraries Each Logical library comprised of 1 drive and 1 magazine Run any single-drive logical library in either sequential (autoloader) mode or random (library) mode Announced Feb 13, GA March 9 Supported on System i models 820/830/840, 800/810/825/870/890, 520/550/570/595 running i5/OS V5R3 or later 1TotalStorage drives are not supported
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Tape Library Comparison
TS3100 TS3200 TS3310 TS3500 TS3400 Number of drives 1 LTO 1-2 LTO LTO LTO 1-2 TS1120 3592 or TS1120 Drive data rate 80 MBps 104MBps Max number of cartridges 22 44 218 6887 18 6260 Max native cartridge capacity 400GB 700GB Native library capacity up to 8.8TB up to 17.6TB up to 87.2TB up to 2.75PB up to 12.6TB up to 4.3 PBs Encryption support No Yes Interface 4Gbps FC Mbps SCSI 4Gbps FC Mbps SCSI 4Gbps FC SCSI-LVD
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3590E Save Rates Improve with 8xx Hardware
Up to 114 GB/hr on iSeries (8xx) Hardware PCI DASD - No Migration Tower 2749 Tape IOA - No Migration Tower Single Drive Very Large Files 3:1 Compression Up to 2.7 TB/hr 24-Way Model 8xx E Tape Drives - 1 per DASD Tower Parallel Save Support
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3590E Fibre Channel – More Improvement
Available Starting with V5R2 Saves Improve - Up to 142 GB/hr Requires Hardware Upgrade from 3590E New Fibre Channel Adapters
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3590H Tape Device – Capacity Increase
Announced July 2002 50 Percent Capacity Increase 120 GB per cartridge, Increases to 180 GB B and E Tape Devices Require Upgrade Same Existing Performance as 3590E Tape Devices SCSI and Fibre Channel Support V4R5 or Higher for SCSI V5R2 or Higher for Fibre Tape Capability Reuses Current 3590 J(Blue) and K(Green) Cartridges Read B(*FMT3590) and E(*FMT3590E) Formatted Tapes New Format of *FMT3590H
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3592 Tape Device – More Improvement
Announced September 2003 Brand New Tape Device Saves at 40 MB/s or 120 MB/s w/Compression Up to 365 GB/hr 2765 IOA MB/s New 5704 IOA MB/s New Tape Cartridges 300 GB Per Cartridge GB with 3:1 Compression Tape Capability Not Compatible with Current 3590 J(Blue) and K (Green) Cartridges
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New Model 3592 Tape Device – More Improvement
3592 E05 Tape Device – TS1120 Fall 2005 (V5R2 and Higher) 3494 and 3584 Tape Libraries Better Performance Saves at 100 MB/s or 260 MB/s w/Compression (3:1) 250 MB/s Maximum Performance New 5761 IOA (4Gb) – Up to 890 GB/hr 5704 IOA (2Gb) GB/hr 2765 IOA (1Gb) – 350 GB/hr Tape Cartridges 500 GB per Cartridge – 1.5 TB with 3:1 Compression Tape Capability Uses Existing J1A Cartridges and WORM Media New Density of *FMT3592A2 Reads/Writes J1A Format and New E05 Format
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358X LTO 1 Tape Devices LTO (Linear Tape Open) Technology
Started Shipping December 2000 (V4R4 or later) Single Device to Very Large Tape Library High Performance, High Capacity Track Lower Cost than 3590 100 GB/Cartridge, >300 GB with 3:1 Compression New LTO Cartridge -*ULTRIUM Density Compatibility No Compatibility with Existing Tape Devices Full Interchange with 358x Family (IBM and OEM)
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358x LTO 1 Tape Devices Better Performance on iSeries (8xx or i5)
15 MB/s without Compression, 27 MB/s with Compression, or 97 GB/hr Attached via 2749 (iSeries) 13 MB/s with Compression or 47 GB/hr Attached via 2729 (AS/400e) 17 MB/s with Compression or 60 GB/hr Attached via 6501/6534 (AS/400e)
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358x LTO 1 Fibre Channel Requires Minimum of V5R1
No Upgrade from SCSI Drives, Brand New Fibre Drives Better Performance Same as 3590E or 3590H Fibre Channel Up to 142 GB/hr Single Drive per Adapter at V5R1 Multiple Drives per Adapter at V5R2 Multiple Systems may Share Drives using Switches
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358x LTO 2 Tape Devices Announced January 2003 (V5R1 or later)
New Drives, New Media and New Density 3580, 3581, 3582, 3583 and 3584 Models New Format of *ULTRIUM2 New Purple LTO Cartridges Up to 600 GB per Cartridge with 3:1 Compression Up to 95 MB/s or 350 GB/hr with Fibre Channel Full Interchange with any LTO 1 Product Can Read/Write *ULTRIUM1 Tape Cartridges Improved Performance - Up to 40 MB/s with 2:1 Compression
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358x LTO 2 Tape Devices Attaches via 6534, 2729, 2749, or 5702 SCSI IOA or 2765 or 5704 FC IOA No 6501 Support Best Performance on iSeries (8xx) 2729 -> 13 MB/s or 47 GB/hr 6534 -> 17 MB/s or 60 GB/hr 2749 -> 33 MB/s or 115 GB/hr 5702 -> 70 MB/s or 250 GB/hr 2765 -> 95 MB/s or 350 GB/hr 5704 -> 95 MB/s or 350 GB/hr 5704 Requires V5R2 2 drives GB/hr 5.2 TB/hr with 16 Drives INFO APAR II13513
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358x LTO 3 Tape Devices *ULTRIUM3 Density New Tape Media
Gray Cartridges 400 GB per Cartridge or 1200 GB with 3:1 Compression Read/Write *ULTRIUM2 Cartridges Read Only *ULTRIUM1 Cartridges Performance Improvements Up to 140 MB/s or 525 GB/hr with Compression Minimum V5R2 Release
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Saving to Savefiles Savefile Benchmark Performed in the Most Favorable Environment to Achieve Maximum Save Rates 24-way 840 128 GB Main Store 1080 DASD Units **Performance Rates Achieved will Depend Upon Available Resources V5R1 iSeries Save Performance 135 GB/hr for User Mix Data 170 GB/hr for Large Files V5R2 iSeries Save Performance 200 GB/hr for User Mix Data 480 GB/hr for Large Files 2757 IOA DASD 250 GB/hr for User Mix Data 1000 GB/hr for Large Files
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Virtual Tape Support for i5/OS (New for V5R4)
Up to 256 virtual tape volumes 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CRTIMGCLG (2) ADDIMGCLGE (3) LODIMGCLG Any ASP or iASP (4) Disk Virtual Tape Device Save CRTDEVTAP (1) Restore Duplicate to media, switch or FTP to another system
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Virtual Tape Support for i5/OS
Key Advantages Supported on all Save/Restore Commands and APIs (except SAVSTG) Can Be Faster than Saving Directly to Tape Similar Performance as Save Files Best Performance in Separate ASP Eliminates Save File Limitations One Library Per Save File SAVSYS Not Supported on Save File Parallel Saves Not Supported on Save File 1 TB Size Limitation on Save File Eliminates Media Error Limitations Saves Ending Due to Tape Device or Media Errors Save-while-active Checkpoint Restriction Once Checkpoint Reached Saves Can’t be Restarted Duplicate Saves to Media (DUPTAP or DUPMEDBRM) When Tape Devices Available at Your Convenience Onsite and Offsite Storage Keep Virtual Volumes on Systems as Needed Keep Duplicated Volumes Offsite
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Virtual Tape Support for i5/OS
Considerations Additional DASD Requirements No Install from SAVSYS Virtual Volume D-IPL Only from Media May Not Be Faster Tape Technology System Configuration and Environment Data Compaction Not Supported Data Compression Support DTACPR(*YES) Parameter on Save Commands Default is *NO SNA Low Data Compression Significant Performance Impact
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Virtual Tape Support for i5/OS
Implementation of Virtual Tape Included in Base i5 Operating System Configures on RACL (Random Access Cartridge Loader) Tape Device I/O to Disk instead of Tape Media Behaves as Tape Library Mounting Specified Volumes Up to 35 Virtual Tape Devices Virtual Tape Volumes Support Multiple Optimum Block Sizes Compatibility with Tape Devices Existing Image Catalog Commands used for Virtual Optical Tape Volume Management Interface with iSeries Navigator User Interface is Green Screen or iSeries Navigator Complete End User Interface & Tape Management with BRMS Virtual Volumes Stored as IFS Stream Files FTP to Other Servers or Partitions Considerations Bandwidth Management of Transmitted Files Disaster Recovery
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TS7510 IBM Virtual Tape Engine
Separate Cross Platform Virtual Tape Device Supported on V5R2 and Up Faster Performance than Tape for Small File Saves Only Supports Install from SAVSYS Virtual Media Disaster Recovery – Duplicate Tapes to Physical Media Considerations Cost of TS7510 (Separate DASD Device) Data Compaction / Data Compression Significant Impact on Performance TS7510 Redbook
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Save/Restore Performance Benchmarks
1700GB/hr See Chapter 15 of the Performance Capabilities Reference manual for benchmark details. This publication can be found at the following url: LTO Family 359x Family Disk 1420 GB/hr 890 GB/hr 525GB/hr 350 GB/hr 365 GB/hr 142 GB/hr
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Influence of Workload Type
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Other Hardware Related to Save Performance
CPU Power User Mix: 1.3 CPUs per tape drive Large File: 0.5 CPUs per tape drive Tape Adapters 5704/5761: 2/4 Gbit fibre LVD SCSI HSL Memory User Mix: 1 GB per save Large File: ½ GB per save Adapter Placement 64 bit slots High Speed Buses HSL Disk 30-50 arms of 15K RPM disk per tape drive HSL Placement Spread across HSLs Add more HSLs if needed
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Faster SAVSYS, Concurrent & Parallel Save/Restore
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Faster SAVSYS Backup Omit Parameter on SAVSYS
Omits SAVCFG and/or SAVSECDTA OMIT(*CFG) OMIT(*SECDTA) OMIT(*CFG *SECDTA) Must Run SAVCFG/SAVSECDTA Regularly System not Required to be in Restricted State
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SAVSYSINF and RSTSYSINF Commands (NEW for V5R4)
Save System Information (SAVSYSINF) Command Performs a Partial Save of Data Saved by Save System (SAVSYS) Command Cumulative Save Since Last SAVSYS Restricted State Not Required SAVSYS Requires Restricted State Saves System Reply List Entries Certain System Values Some System Values are Not Saved Not Required for System Recovery Service Attributes Network Attributes PTFs for 5722SS1 and Applied (TEMP or PERM) Since Last SAVSYS All Group PTFs All PTF Cover Letters and Loaded PTFs Copied into *SERVICE
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SAVSYSINF and RSTSYSINF Considerations
Base SAVSYS Required SAVSYSINF Not Replacement for SAVSYS *ALLOBJ or *SAVSYS Special Authority Required Can’t be Used For Restoring to Another Existing System System Upgrades or Migrations Intended for Customers Who Can’t Bring System to Restricted State for SAVSYS Can’t Take Down Time for SAVSYS PTF Save Files Must Remain on System Until Next SAVSYS Do Not Run Delete Program Temporary FIX (DLTPTF) Command Unless Right Before SAVSYS Right After SAVSYS Installing PTFs Default is NOT to Restore Save Files Change System Default CPYPTF(*YES) on CHGSRVA Command or Use CPYPTF(*YES) in INSPTF Command Consistently Increases System Recovery Time and Complexity SAVSYS and SAVSYSINF Needs to be Recovered RSTSYSINF Additional Step per Backup and Recovery Checklists It is recommended that a save of the entire system including a SAVSYS be done in restricted state. This can be accomplished by performing a Go Save Option 21, a combination of an Option 22 and 23, or by using the equivalent functions within BRMS.
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SAVSYSINF Backup Strategy
After Base SAVSYS, Perform these Commands to Save System Changes SAVLIB LIB(*IBM) SAV OBJ(('/QIBM/ProdData') ('/QOpenSys/QIBM/ProdData')) UPDHST(*YES) SAVSYSINF Commands to Save User Data SAVSECDTA SAVCFG SAVLIB LIB(*ALLUSR) SAVDLO DLO(*ALL) FLR(*ANY) SAV OBJ(('/*') ('/QSYS.LIB‘ *OMIT) ('/QDLS‘ *OMIT) (/‘QIBM/ProdData’ *OMIT) (/’QOpenSys/QIBM/ProdData’ *OMIT)) UPDHST(*YES) This command saves the system information to the save file named SAVF in library QGPL. The save file will be cleared automatically. Information about what was saved will be written to the first member of the file name OUTPUT in library QGPL. The file and member will be created if they do not exist.
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Add Additional Tape Devices for Concurrent Saves/Restores
Example 1 Example 2 Job 1 Job 2 Job 1 Job 2 SAVLIB LIB(*allusr) OMITLIB(m* n* o*...z*) DEV(TAP01) SAVLIB LIB(*allusr) OMITLIB(a* b* c*...l*) DEV(TAP02) SAVCHGOBJ(A* B* C*) LIB(MYLIB)) DEV(TAP01) SAVCHGOBJ OBJ(M* N* O*) LIB(MYLIB) DEV(TAP02) 3590 x 2 3590 x 2
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Concurrent Saves and Restores
Multiple Concurrent Saves against Single Library SAVOBJ, SAVCHGOBJ and QSRSAVO API can run Concurrently against Same Library Break Up Large Libraries to Save Concurrently to Multiple Tape Devices SAVCHGOBJ OBJ(A* B* C* ...L*) LIB(NAME) SAVCHGOBJ OBJ(M* N* O*...Z*) LIB(NAME)
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Concurrent Saves and Restores
Generic Values on OMITLIB SAVLIB/SAVCHGOBJ Support Generic Values on OMITLIB Parameter Omit Groups of Libraries: OMITLIB(TEMP*) SAVLIB LIB(*ALLUSR) using 2 Tape Devices Concurrently SAVLIB LIB(*ALLUSR) OMITLIB(#LIBRARY A* B* ...L*) SAVLIB LIB(*ALLUSR) OMITLIB(M* N* ...Z*) BE CAREFUL if Switching from Save Menu Options to Save Commands! Save Menu Options Default to Save Access Paths Save Commands do not Default to Save Access Paths (V5R2 or prior releases)
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Concurrent Saves and Restores with BRMS
Run Multiple BRMS Backup Control Groups Concurrently Submit Multiple Save/Restore Jobs to Multiple Tape Devices Reduces Save/Restore Times User Balances the Control Group Data so Jobs end at Same Time
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Add Additional Tape Devices for Parallel Saves and Restores
Job Job BRMS Backup Control Group Large Library BRMS Backup Control Group *ALLUSR V4 V5 3590 x 4 3590 x 4
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Parallel Saves and Restores
Parallel Saves (V4R4 and higher) Save Large Library, Large Object or List of Large Objects to Multiple Tape Devices in Parallel "Spreads Data across Tapes“ Improves Save Performance for Very Large Objects Not Designed for Small Objects IFS Parallel Save and Restore Support (New for V5R4) End User Interface with BRMS Same Number of Tape Devices on Save "Recommended" for Restore
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Parallel Saves and Restores
Expanded Parallel Support (V5R1 and higher) Special Values *ALLPROD, *ALLTEST, *ALLUSR, *IBM, *ASP01 - *ASPxx and Generics Supported Objects "Spread" at Full Library Level Restore of Parallel Saves with Special Values in Serial Restore Mode (One Tape Device) Media Library with Multiple Devices Provides Tape Mounting Automation List of Libraries - BRMS Determines Best "Spreading" (Object or Full Library Level)
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Concurrent and Parallel Saves and Restores
Shrink Backup/Recovery Windows Concurrent Saves and Restores Parallel Saves and Restores Combination of Concurrent and Parallel
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Alternatives for Minimal Downtime Saves
High Availability Software Save While Active External Disk FlashCopy iASPflash iASP Part of i5/OS – no additional charge No extra hardware required Short Quiesce required to get checkpoint Requires 2nd system or LPAR with additional disk and software Short Quiesce or power off required to make FlashCopy depending on the solution implemented Requires 2nd system or LPAR with additional disk, plus an HA software application Least disruptive tape backups Fringe Benefit is the HA Capabilities
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Save-while-active (SWA)
Integrated OS/400 Utility for Save Window Reduction No Additional Hardware or Software Required Virtual Point in Time Copy on Individual Objects and Libraries Allows Granular Restores from Tape as Needed #1. Start of save request. #2. Checkpoint complete - object changes now allowed. #3. Unchanged pages and copied pages are saved to tape. #4. Checkpoint image completely saved to media. End of save request. #5. Results! Objects on system after save. C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 Objects in memory to be saved - Get a checkpoint (snapshot) of each object. Original objects as they were at checkpoint are written to tape. x x x Original pages copied to temp storage before a change. Copied pages in temp storage are released. Eric Hess/Sue Baker IBM iSeries ATS 2001
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Integrated File System (IFS) Performance
V5R1 and V5R2 Type2 Directories Save/Restore Performance Improvement Many Directories Containing Few Files For Example - OnDemand Product 1 File per Directory 50 Percent Improvement Low Ratio of Directories to Files, No Change
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Online Backup of Lotus Servers
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Online Backup of Lotus Servers
Save Domino Lotus Servers While Active Starting with V4R4 No Need to Reach Checkpoint - True Online Backup No Ending Server or Replicating to Another Server for Backup BRMS Handles Recovery Process Allows 24X7 Up Time of Lotus Servers
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Omit Non Critical Data Test Data Temporary Files
Performance Data (QMPGDATA)
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Archive Historical Data
BRMS Advanced Feature Archive Objects to Tape Based On Age Frequency of Use Size Dynamically Recall Database Files, DLOs and Stream files
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Reorganize Database Files
REORG Files on Regular Basis Reorganize BRMS Files Monthly Set STRMNTBRM RGZBRMDB Parameter to *YES Available V5R2 or Higher Ensure No BRMS Activity During Reorg
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Saves After An IPL Save Time Increases up to 30 Percent
Save-while-active Checkpoint Time May Increase Why Longer? Paging In of Object Headers Additional Processing First Time Objects Touched After IPL Even Longer if Previous IPL Abnormal Recommendation Avoid Saves Immediately After IPL Touch Objects Between IPL and Save DSPOBJD or DSPFD
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Recovery Performance Enhancements
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Shrinking the Recovery Window
Dramatic Recovery Performance Improvements on iSeries DASD Configuration Add Now Minutes!! Previously Hours Customers with Multiple 3590 Tape Devices using Concurrent/Parallel Restores Have Seen: 32 Hour Full System Recovery Reduced to 12 Hours 22 Hour Full System Recovery Reduced to 8 Hours Recovery Tip for Save-while-active Saves Save Full Objects instead of Changed Objects Recovery Time Reduced Restoring Fulls vs. Fulls and Changes
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IFS Restore Performance Improvements (New for V5R4)
Internal Code Changes Made to Improve Performance Utilization of Multiple Threads System Level Internal Code (SLIC) Optimization Reducing Disk Operations Refer to V5R4 Performance Capabilities Reference :
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Rapid Recovery for System i
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System i Replication ...a Rapid Recovery feature that enables you to replicate your applications and data Can achieve recovery time objectives of minutes Protects data to last replicated transaction System mirroring is the fastest recovery technique available today. Mirroring also ensures that your data is current and available at time of disaster, as opposed to the last backup. IBM Site Hotsite Customer Customer
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System i Replication Options
You can replicate all or part of your system to a target system at either a hotsite or one of your sites. Customer Site Hotsite or Customer Site Customer Site Or you can replicate all or part of your system to a partition on a target system at a hotsite. This solution enables sharing of resources and achieves a new price point for replication. Customer Site(s) Customer(s) Hotsite Partitioning
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Remember......Test Your Recovery!!
Test Your Recovery to Ensure Your Recovery Performance Objectives are Being Met!! System i Save/Restore Performance Measurements Located at:
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Reference Material
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Reference Material Backup and Recovery; SC41-5304-08 (V5R4)
Backup, Recovery and Media Services; SC (V5R4) Backup, Recovery and Media Service for OS/400: A Practical Approach Redbook; SG Virtual Tape Redbook; SQ V5R4 System i Performance Capabilities Reference; SC BRMS Web Page:
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Trademarks and Disclaimers
8 IBM Corporation All rights reserved. References in this document to IBM products or services do not imply that IBM intends to make them available in every country. Trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both can be found on the World Wide Web at Intel, Intel logo, Intel Inside, Intel Inside logo, Intel Centrino, Intel Centrino logo, Celeron, Intel Xeon, Intel SpeedStep, Itanium, and Pentium are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States, other countries, or both. Microsoft, Windows, Windows NT, and the Windows logo are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both. IT Infrastructure Library is a registered trademark of the Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency which is now part of the Office of Government Commerce. ITIL is a registered trademark, and a registered community trademark of the Office of Government Commerce, and is registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group in the United States and other countries. Java and all Java-based trademarks are trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States, other countries, or both. Other company, product, or service names may be trademarks or service marks of others. Information is provided "AS IS" without warranty of any kind. The customer examples described are presented as illustrations of how those customers have used IBM products and the results they may have achieved. Actual environmental costs and performance characteristics may vary by customer. Information concerning non-IBM products was obtained from a supplier of these products, published announcement material, or other publicly available sources and does not constitute an endorsement of such products by IBM. Sources for non-IBM list prices and performance numbers are taken from publicly available information, including vendor announcements and vendor worldwide homepages. IBM has not tested these products and cannot confirm the accuracy of performance, capability, or any other claims related to non-IBM products. Questions on the capability of non-IBM products should be addressed to the supplier of those products. All statements regarding IBM future direction and intent are subject to change or withdrawal without notice, and represent goals and objectives only. Some information addresses anticipated future capabilities. Such information is not intended as a definitive statement of a commitment to specific levels of performance, function or delivery schedules with respect to any future products. Such commitments are only made in IBM product announcements. The information is presented here to communicate IBM's current investment and development activities as a good faith effort to help with our customers' future planning. Performance is based on measurements and projections using standard IBM benchmarks in a controlled environment. The actual throughput or performance that any user will experience will vary depending upon considerations such as the amount of multiprogramming in the user's job stream, the I/O configuration, the storage configuration, and the workload processed. Therefore, no assurance can be given that an individual user will achieve throughput or performance improvements equivalent to the ratios stated here. Prices are suggested U.S. list prices and are subject to change without notice. Starting price may not include a hard drive, operating system or other features. Contact your IBM representative or Business Partner for the most current pricing in your geography. Photographs shown may be engineering prototypes. Changes may be incorporated in production models.
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