Instructors: George Crowl

Instructors: George Crowl
ORD-7 Ordinary Boat Handling This and other plans are for Sea Scout and leaders to teach maritime and leadership skills. They are based on the 2010 Sea Scout Manual and requirements. Some lessons have an accompanying PowerPoint presentation. I consider PowerPoint an introduction the topic, to be followed by hands-on practice. Several lessons will not have PowerPoint, usually because it is my judgement that PowerPoint is not an appropriate aid to teaching that lesson. Lesson plans and presentations will be added and modified when ready. Each plan and presentation has the rank, requirement number and short name. LP means lesson plan, PPT means PowerPoint. APP means Apprentice, the number is the number of the requirement. ORD = Ordinary. ABL = Able. QM = Quartermaster. There are a few miscellaneous items as well. I created these lesson plans primarily for the Houston area Sea Scout Academy. However, I hope that they are also useful for other Sea Scout situations and venues. So, I expect everyone using the lesson plans to modify them to fit their audience and their style. There are also other resources in the DVD with the Sea Scout Manual, and on I invite comments from those that use these lesson plans, so we can have continuous improvement. If you are aware of a better example, or a great illustration that is not in them, please send them to me for inclusion. Especially, if I miss applying a change from the Sea Scout Manual, Guide to Safe Scouting, or a Coast Guard publication, please contact me so we can keep these current and accurate. You may contact me at or George Crowl; Skipper, Ship 1996; Sam Houston Area Council This PowerPoint is provided for those who may not have appropriate training aids available in a ship or location. This generally follows a companion lesson plan available at I expect you to modify it to fit your situation and teaching style. I am more concerned that Scouts learn than this fit a specific style. I am, however, a fan of the Effective Teaching model. Teaching EDGE is somewhat simplistic in its approach, but that has some advantages. Philosophy: Sea Scout Academy’s primary purpose is to teach the material to the Sea Scout. If the Sea Scout demonstrates mastery of parts of the subject, then the instructor should annotate on the class roster what has been passed, in the instructor’s opinion. Skippers have the right to re-examine any Sea Scout in any requirement. (Knots are not a good subject to give a pass in.) Instructors: George Crowl

Course Outline a. Name the principal parts of the mast, boom, spars, standing and running rigging and sails of a gaff- or Marconi-rigged sloop, schooner, and ketch or yawl. b. Demonstrate your ability to handle a vessel with paddles or oars by doing one of the following: Safely board a rowboat and row in a straight line for 200 yards/meters, stop, make a pivot turn, return to the starting point and backwater in a straight line for 50 yards/meters. Make a turn and return to the starting point. OR Safely board a canoe, kayak, or paddleboard and paddle a straight line for 200 yards, stop, pivot, return to the starting point, and backwater in a straight line for 50 yards/meters. Make a turn and return to the starting point. Demonstrate a draw stroke to move the boat sideways both right and left, and forward and reverse sweeps to spin the boat both clockwise and counter. Requirements: a. Name the principal parts of the masts, booms, spars, standing and running rigging, and sails of a gaff- or Marconi-rigged sloop, schooner, and ketch or yawl. b. Demonstrate your ability to handle a vessel with paddles or oars by doing one of the following: Safely board a rowboat and row in a straight line for 200 yards, stop, make a pivot turn, return to the starting point and backwater in a straight line for 50 yards/meters. Make a turn and return to the starting point OR Safely board a canoe, kayak, or baddleboard and paddle a straight line for 200 yeards, stop, pivot, return to the starting point, and backwater in a straight line for 50 yards/meteres. Make a turn and return to the starting point. Demonstrate a draw stroke to move the boat sideways both right and lef, and forward and reverse sweeps to spin the boat both clockwise and counter.Name the principal parts of a typical sailboat and a runabout. Reference: "Parts of a Boat" on pages 125-7, “Rowing” on pp , "Rowing, Canoeing, Whitewater” merit badge pamphlets. Equipment Required: This course is designed to be given in the marina and/or on the water where a number of different kinds of vessels are visible. If not available, use the illustrations in the SSM. For 7b, several rowboats, canoes, kayaks, or paddleboards and sets of oars/paddles, and lifejackets. Ratio: 1:8 Instructor:Student.

ORD-7a Name the principal parts of the mast, boom, spars, standing and running rigging and sails of a gaff- or Marconi-rigged sloop, schooner, and ketch or yawl. This should be done in a marina if possible. If your marina does not have a variety of sailboats, use the various illustrations available in books to teach and test this requirement. There are many illustrations following. If conducting this course on a large sloop in conjunction with a sailing exercise, the instructor for this lesson can conduct it while the other lesson’s practical exercise is being done, and on shore in the marina. Sit on the foredeck and discuss the items below, or walk the marina. Depending on the situation, the class may be broken into two or more groups, or kept together. Find out what the principal vessels used by the Sea Scouts are. Adapt your discussion. Point out the various boat types in real life, and if necessary in the book. Ask what the distinguishing characteristics are.

Gaff-rigged Sloop “Gaff” is the boom along the top of the mainsail
Provides more sail area for less mast height This is a small 19 foot sloop. I show it first to identify the gaff, which is not often seen these days.

Marconi-rigged Sails have no spars on top. Triangular shape.
Look closely and you will see this is a cutter rig. However, you can talk sloop and new Scouts will not notice the second sail below the jib. Some call this a Bermuda rig, where it was invented a couple hundred years ago.

Mast, Boom, Spar Mast – Tall, vertical pole – carries sails aloft
Boom – Horizontal pole – holds sail out Spar – Generic term for above, plus nearly any other pole on the boat Scout must know difference between mast and boom. If there are other spars on the primary vessel, s/he should know names and functions, such as gaff or bowsprit.

Standing Rigging Holds mast(s) in place Forestay, backstay
Shrouds (upper, lower, front, back, etc.) Split backstay For bowsprit Any other line (often wire) that does not move Scout should know forestay, backstay, shrouds, and anything that is commonly referred to on the primary vessel. Any wire line is likely to be standing rigging (except halyards, some of which are half/half).

Running Rigging Anything that moves a sail or spar Halyards Sheets
Topping lift Boom vang Reefing Etc., etc. Scout should know the specific name of each halyard (main, jib, etc.) Scout should know the specific name of each sheet (main, jib, etc.) If you regularly use the cunningham, boom vang, reefing lines, topping lift, spinnaker lines, etc., then they need to learn them so they can use them. Small-boat sailors should not be expected to know complex racing rig adjustments that don't apply to their sailing.

Mainsail Parts Explain each term. If there is a small sail available, it would be useful to use it as an example. Jib is similar, tack to head slants aft, clew to head may be vertical or slant forward. Head – top of the sail. Headboard – attaches to the halyard, spreads the load so sail does not rip. Bolt rope – often goes inside the mast. Otherwise, “cars” are attached to the luff. Luff – side of the sail attached to the mast or forestay. Tack – corner of the sail attached to the junction of the mast and boom. Battens – plastic stiffeners to catch the wind better. Leech – back edge of the sail. It flaps when not holding wind. Cringle – ring to pass rope through, usually at reefing point height Reef points – grommets with line through to pull sail to boom to reef Roach – area outside line drawn from head to clew, gives more power Clew – is attached to the end of the boom with the outhaul Foot - often runs inside the boom, or has cars. Can be loose-footed.

Gaff-rigged Sail Top edge of sail has new names
Peak – top of the sail in back Gaff – upper spar, similar to a boom Throat – top of the sail next to the mast (replaces head) Other names remain the same

Two Main Sets of Terms Mainsails, mizzen, foresail (not jib) all look somewhat similar and have the same named parts. Various jibs, staysails and genoas use jib terms. A

Sloop Sails Fore – jib or genoa Aft – mainsail Mainsail Jib
Jib = distance from bow to mast (100%), Genoa = more than that distance (130%, 150%)

Ketch or Yawl Mainsail Mizzen Jib Staysail
Again, I'm following previous order.

Schooner Foresail Jib Mainsail Staysail A

ORD-7b (1) [Rowing] Demonstrate your ability to handle a vessel with paddles or oars by doing one of the following: Safely board a rowboat and row in a straight line for 200 yards, stop, make a pivot turn, return to the starting point and backwater in a straight line for 50 yards/meters. Make a turn and return to the starting point. D

Oars Several varieties Blade Shaft / loom
Collar / leather / sheath (button if provided) Handle / grip Here are several varieties of oars. From right to left, we have the blade, throat, shaft, collar/leather/sheath (and button where provided) and handle/grip. Parts of the system: oar (handle, loom, throat, blade, tip)

Oarlocks, Etc. Three main oarlocks are shown
They mount in the hardware below Oars are protected with the leather and button Explain oarlocks and sleeves so they understand the next slide. Parts of the system: oarlocks (thole pins, closed ring, open with pin, open)

Rowing Setup Oars right length – 2x thwart length + freeboard
Oar handles – touch or overlap when set up Oars – sleeve in oarlocks, button inboard Oars should naturally have blade in water Boarding Get body weight low (crouch) Place one foot on centerline of boat Grasp gunwales Bring other foot on board, sit down The boarding procedure applies to any small boat. Rowboats can be capsized by careless people boarding the wrong way.

Catch Putting the blades in the water, ready to pull
Blades vertical, in water behind you Leaning “forward”, hands fully “forward” The Rowing Stroke: (it’s all in the back & wrist) Catch – handle & wrist up (2/3 blade in the water) Pull – handle fwd Feather – handle & wrist down to lift oar Recovery – handle aft to start position Body “forward”, actually leaning aft in the boat.

Pull Lean body “back,” pull with arms
Oar blades in water, traverse about 90° Power comes here, uses whole body A

Feather Raise the blades out of the water
Rotate the wrists backwards to “feather” the blades parallel to the water Start recovery at the same time Some oarlocks have pins which do not allow feathering. Various kinds of open or round oarlocks are preferred.

Recovery Bring the blades toward the bow (push handles away)
Keep blades feathered A

Techniques Pull the oars evenly
Watch your wake to stay in a straight line Look over your shoulder occassionally, not very often To pivot turn, push one oar forward in the water while pulling the other oar backward To go backward, reverse the Catch, Pull, Feather, Recovery process, dipping your oars and pushing away while in the water A

Basic Rowing Commands Out oars – Put the oars in position to row
Give way – Pull the oars in a complete cycle Hold water – Put the oars in the water abeam, hold them there Back water – row backwards Boat oars – rotate the handle aft, put the blade inside the boat forward of where you are sitting R

ORD-7b (2) [Paddling] OR Safely board a canoe, kayak or paddleboard and paddle in a straight line for 200 yards, stop, make a pivot turn, return to the starting point and backwater in a straight line for 50 yards/meters. Make a turn and return to the starting point. Demonstrate a draw stroke to move the boat sideways both right and left, and forward and reverse sweeps to spin the boat both clockwise and counter. D

Paddling Paddling may be done in canoes, kayaks, or paddleboards.
This PPT will be based on canoes for the basics There are differences between the vessels, the paddles, and the techniques employed in each of these vessels. This PPT may be modified based on the vessels used for the requirement. If you modify it based on your knowledge of a type vessel, please send it to the author. R

Advantages / Disadvantages
Face forward to paddle, see where you are going Easy to dock or come alongside There are many different strokes to learn Staying on course is more difficult because of one paddle on the side of the boat Less power, the body is not as efficiently used The paddle vs the oar. Face forward to paddle – many types of strokes required for maneuvering. Face backward and row – mostly one basic stroke. Advantages / disadvantages You can see where you are going Easy to dock or come alongside Many strokes to learn Staying on a straight course is more difficult Less power, body is not as efficiently positioned

Parts of the Paddle Parts of the paddle: (grip, shaft, throat, blade, tip)

Boarding a Canoe Get body weight low (crouch)
Place one foot on centerline of boat Grasp gunwales Bring other foot on board, sit down Spread knees and kneel on the bottom of the canoe Provides greater stability Provides better power for paddling R

Canoe Kneeling In spite of many photos showing people sitting in canoes... The proper way to operate a canoe is kneeling!!! If you do a lot of canoeing, a pair of roofer's kneepads will be good friends Author's pet peeve – kneel in a canoe. Much more stable. If you put your butt against the thwart or seat (they shouldn't build seats in canoes), you will be comfortable.

Basic Paddling Stroke Catch – grip (top) hand and shaft hand put the paddle in vertically or a little slanted backward Push – shaft hand stabilized the paddle, grip hand pushes the grip forward (bringing the blade backward) Feather – as the blade leaves the water, turn the blade parallel to the water's surface Recovery – rotate the blade forward, bring the grip hand close to the chest so you can reach forward with the blade Is the basic cruising or “forward” stroke The basic paddling stroke: (it’s all in the arms, shoulders & wrist) Catch – grip and shaft straight up or blade a little forward (blade in the water) Pull – lower hand pulling aft on the throat, upper hand pushing forward or holding grip Feather – When blade leaves water, turn blade parallel to water Recovery – Rotate forward, grip is brought closer to chest so you can reach forward with blade.

Power Stroke The basic paddling stroke: (it’s all in the arms, shoulders & wrist) 1 Catch – grip and shaft straight up or blade a little forward (blade in the water) 2,3,4 Pull – lower hand pull aft on the throat, upper hand push forward or holding grip Feather – When blade leaves water, turn blade parallel to water Recovery – Rotate forward, grip is brought closer to chest so you can reach forward with blade. [Not well illustrated here!] This is put in again for the visual aid. The visual aid does not show the feather and recovery. Another pet peeve, feather the paddle.

Reverse Stroke Same as above, but backwards
1 Catch – reach behind, put paddle in near vertical 2,3,4 Pull – push with the bottom hand, control with the top hand near shoulder Feather – as the paddle comes out of water, turn the blade parallel to water Recover – move blade to the rear R

J-Stroke Used by singles, or rear of tandem
Keeps canoe going in a straight line Twist the power face outboard toward the end of the stroke Used by stern paddler of tandem, less “J” needed than with single J-stroke – primarily used by single paddlers, or the rear paddler of tandems. Keeps canoe going in a straight line. Twist the power face of the paddle outboard toward the end of the stroke. In tandem, this is adjusted to the need. Bow may use it in special circumstances. This is an older stroke, but effective. An adaptation that has been effective for the author is to twist the paddle face outward (20-30°) and pull straight back. It does essentially the same job.

Pitch Stroke Newer than the J-stroke
Preferred, corrects yaw as the stroke starts J-stroke corrects yaw as the stroke ends Pitch stroke - preferred stroke to go straight in a canoe with a good traveling speed, because this stroke tries to correct the yaw caused by the forward stroke almost on the same moment that it starts, where other correction strokes do this after the forward stroke, when there already is considerable yaw from the canoe.

Sweep Stroke Used to turn the canoe slowly away from the paddle side
Reach as far forward as practical Sweep the paddle out to the side as far as practical, in a half-circle, ending next to the canoe in the rear Sweep stroke – reach as far forward as practical, sweep the paddle out to the side as far as possible, ending next to the boat in the rear.

Draw Stroke Used to move the canoe sideways toward something
Put the paddle in the water vertically, as far away as you can comfortably reach “Draw” toward the gunwale Lift out and repeat OR twist the paddle in the water to move it out, and repeat “OR twist” – you can keep the paddle completely in the water, pulling it flat toward you, then turning it 90° and pushing it away in the water, then repeating.

Pry or Push-Away Stroke
Used to move the canoe sideways away from something Both start with the paddle next to the boat Both push away from the boat Pry stroke uses the side and gunwale as a fulcrum Push-away is the reverse of the draw stroke Note that the small diagrams show that there is no difference in principle between the pry or the push-away. Just a difference in technique of application.

Bow Rudder In addition, the bow in a tandem canoe has two additional commands (usually give by the stern) To turn toward the side the bow is paddling on – Bow Rudder – place the throat of the paddle near the gunwale on the paddling side at a 45° angle To turn to the other side – Cross Bow Rudder – without changing hands, place the throat of the paddle near the gunwale on the non-paddling side at a 45° angle The bow rudder commands are important in tandem canoeing and in solo canoeing. Note the solo canoeist applying bow rudder in the rapids. In tandem canoeing, the stern usually calls the commands when additional steering is needed in the bow. The bow needs to respond as part of the next stroke. Bow rudder is on the paddler's paddling side. Cross bow rudder is on the opposite side. Hands are not changed on the paddle, the paddler has to reach and twist. See the second photo. The kayak photo is used because I could not find a canoe photo. The principle is the same.

Remember These are primarily canoe strokes
Kayak and paddleboard strokes will be similar, but different in detail If someone wants to write a similar set of slides for kayak or paddleboard, please do so and send a copy to me. R

Questions? R

Instructors: George Crowl

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