1. EFFECT OF ABATTOIR WASTES ON THE PHYSICO- CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TWO SOIL TYPES IN ENUGU STATE NIGERIA EDEH, I.G. AND IGWE, C.A. UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA PRESENTED AT LANDMARK UNIVERSITY OMU-ARAN ON THE 39TH SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF NIGERIA ANNUAL CONFERENCE ( 11TH MARCH 2015)

2. INTRODUCTION
The prospect of obtaining enough fertilizers to meet the requirement of the teeming farming population has necessitated the use of organic manures (ruminant dung, poultry droppings, household refuse and effluents) for crop production
The use of inorganic fertilizer alone is not only expensive but also inefficient, organic manure not only supply nutrient element through microbial activities but also help in improving the soil physical properties.

3. Evidences indicate that by a judicious application of this waste in agriculture one could maintain a high level of soil fertility.
The use of organic wastes as biofertilizers has necessitated many studies aimed at evaluating the fertilizing value of these products, to ascertain their potentials in improving soil fertility.
The inventory of urban and industrial wastes in Nigeria, as compiled by Sridar (2006) showed that millions of tons of industrial, domestic and animal wastes so produced annually in the country are not effectively utilized whereas these wastes can be utilized effectively for agriculture.

4. Also Nwanta et al., (2010) observed that a total of 194 kg of solid (rumen/stomach) wastes was generated daily in Nsukka abattoir.
Hence the objective of this study is to determine the effects of abattoir waste on the physical and chemical properties of soils from two different locations (Ugbawka in Nkanu East L.G.A and Opi in Nsukka L.G.A) in Enugu state.

5. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Area
The experiment was carried out at the Green house of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
Soil Sample Collection
Soil samples were collected from two locations: Opi in Nsukka local government area and Ugbawka in Nkanu-east local government area both in Enugu state.

6. Abattoir Waste Collection and Incubation Period
The abattoir waste (solid waste) was collected from the paunch content of cattles, from Nsukka abattoir.
1kg of soil was measured and treated with the waste at the rates of 0g, 50g, 100g, and 150g this was done for each location. Each of the treatments was replicated 3 times. The treated soil samples were kept moist with distilled water during the 5 weeks duration of the experiment.
Laboratory Studies
Physical Properties
Particle size distribution Clay dispersion ratio
Dispersion ratio water stable aggregate

7. Chemical Properties
Soil pH
organic carbon/Organic matter
Total nitrogen
Exchangeable base
exchangeable acidity
effective cation exchangeable capacity
Statistical analysis
All data collected was analyzed statistically based on the procedures for a factorial in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) Experiment using Genstat package.

8. Table: 1 Chemical Properties of Abattoir Waste
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Table: 1 Chemical Properties of Abattoir Waste
Parameter
Value pH
7.7
OC %
28.15
TN %
0.023
Na+ cmol/kg
24.21
K+ cmol/kg
28.68
Ca2+ cmol/kg
3.2
Mg2+ cmol/kg
4.6
Al3+ cmol/kg
0.00
H+ cmol/kg
33.46

9. TABLE 2: INITIAL SOIL PROPERTIES
Parameters
Location
Ugbawka
Opi
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
Clay (%) 4 20
Silt (%) 8
T.sand (%) 88 76
Textural Class
Loamy Sand
Sandy Clay Loam
WD Clay (%) 1 10
WD Silt (%) DR
0.84
0.77
CDR
0.25
0.5
MWD (mm)
0.29
0.47
AS (%) 25 53

10. Parameters
Location
Ugbawka
Opi
CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES pH
5.0
3.1
OC (%)
0.65
0.54
OM (%)
1.12
0.93
TN (%)
0.007
0.011
Na+ (cmol/kg)
0.24
0.22
K+(cmol/kg)
0.63
0.39
Ca2+(cmol/kg)
4.4
1.2
Mg2+(cmol/kg)
2.0
2.4
Al3+(cmol/kg)
0.0
0.8
H+(cmol/kg)
CEC(cmol/kg)
10.0
6.4

11. TABLE 3: EFFECT OF ABATTOIR WASTE ON PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
Location
LAP
Clay%
Silt %
T. Sand %
Textural Class
Ugbawka 4 8 88
Loamy sand 50 5 7
Loamy Sand
100
150
Opi 20 76
Sandy clay loam 6 74 22
Sandy Clay Loam 10 70
L.S.D (0.05)
Location X LAP
0.000
0.790
1.117
1.580
0.500
0.707
0.999

12. TABLE 4: EFFECT OF ABATTOIR WASTE ON WATER-DISPERSIBLE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
Location
LAP
WD Clay%
WD Silt % DR
CDR
Ugbwka 1 8
0.72
0.25 50
0.70
100 3 7
0.75
150 9
0.67
Opi 12
0.76
0.45 10
0.5 13
0.84
0.93 14 6
1.0
L.S.D(0.05)
Lap
Location x Lap
0.065
0.901
1.274
1.457
2.060
2.914
0.092
0.130
0.061
0.086
0.122

13. TABLE 5: EFFECT OF ABATTOIR WASTE ON %WATER-STABLE AGGREGATE, MWD AND AGGREGATE STABILITY
Location
LAP
>2 mm
2-1 mm
1-0.5 mm mm
<0.25 mm
MWD mm
AS %
Ugbawka
0.32
4.22
10.55
15.92
68.99
0.30
25.67 50
7.91
13.90
15.67
20.90
41.63
0.67
100
21.04
14.56
12.52
15.93
35.95
1.12
61.3
150
21.73
15.16
10.41
11.44
26.92
1.60
66.3
Opi
0.28
6.15
25.19
33.61
34.77
0.49
54.7
7.98
15.29
28.25
25.59
22.89
0.84
69.3
26.55
18.65
18.53
16.77
19.49
1.40
72.7
34.26
13.99
14.49
12.79
20.24
1.75
75.3
L.S.D(0.05)
Lap
Location x lap
4.92
6.96
9.85
2.521
3.565
5.041
2.746
3.884
5.492
2.775
3.925
5.550
4.149
5.868
8.298
0.153
0.217
0.307
4.550
6.440
9.100

14. TABLE 6 (a): EFFECT OF ABATTOIR WASTE ON CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Location
LAP pH
OC %
OM %
TN %
Ugbawka
5.2
0.54
0.92
0.007 50
6.4
1.25
2.16
0.013
100
7.0
1.74
3.00
0.020
150
7.5
2.12
3.63
0.016
Opi
3.0
0.57
0.97
0.010
5.8
1.38
2.38
0.014
6.6
1.76
3.03
0.018
7.1
2.30
4.29
Lap
Location x lap
0.12
0.18
0.25
0.145
0.205
0.289
0.207
0.293
0.415
0.0023
0.0032
0.0045

15. TABLE 6 (b): EFFECT OF ABATTOIR WASTE ON CHEMICAL PROPERTIES (2)
Location
LAP
Na+ cmol/kg
K+ cmol/kg
Ca2+ cmol/kg
Mg2+ cmol/kg
Al3+ cmol/kg
H+ cmol/kg
CEC cmol/kg
Ugbawka
0.24
0.70
4.2
1.6
0.0
1.9
9.2 50
1.18
2.01
4.7
1.7
10.9
100
2.18
2.94
4.0
1.8
1.5
12.1
150
2.75
3.35
4.1
1.4
12.3
Opi
0.22
0.30
3.7
7.2
2.62
1.62
2.1
1.0
2.3
11.1
3.47
2.46
1.1
2.2
14.3
4.39
4.31
14.9
Lap
Location x lap
0.208
0.294
0.416
0.116
0.164
0.231
0.312
0.441
0.624
0.502
0.710
1.004
0.255
0.360
0.510
0.310
0.438
0.619
0.665
0.940
1.330

16. CONCLUSION
Abattoir waste significantly increased the mean weight diameter (MWD), aggregate stability (AS), soil pH, total nitrogen (TN), exchangeable bases, effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) and organic matter content. It had no significant effect on the texture, Finally it significantly reduced the exchangeable acid of the soils.
Abattoir waste is recommended to improve the physico-chemical properties of the soils.
For better crop productivity a combination of abattoir waste and inorganic fertilizer is recommended.