1. Ideal Gas Laws

2. The Ideal Gas Laws
The gas laws relate pressure, volume, and temperature of an ideal gas.
Boyle’s Law: P1V1 = P2V2
Charles’ Law:
Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT
***The number of molecules of the gas must remain constant.

3. Boyle’s Law
The figure below illustrates the relationship between the pressure and volume of a system at constant temperature and having a fixed number of molecules.

4. Charles’ Law
The figure below shows how the volume changes if the temperature is increased for a system at constant pressure and having a constant number of molecules.

5. Boyle’s Law
Must be a fixed amount of gas (constant number of molecules)
Must be at constant temperature
Changing the volume causes an opposite change in the pressure
Increasing the volume causes a decrease in the pressure OR
Increasing the pressure causes a decrease in the volume

6. Boyle’s Law
A diver blows a 0.75 L air bubble 10m under water. As it rises to the surface, the pressure goes from 2.25 atm to 1.03 atm. What will be the volume of air in the bubble at the surface? P1 = 2.25 atm V1 = 0.75 L P2 = 1.03 atm V2 = ? (2.25 atm)(0.75 L) = (1.03 atm)(V2) V2 =

7. Learning Check
Give the values of P1, V1, P2, and V2 for the following:
A bag of potato chips is packaged at sea level (1.00 atm) and has a volume of 315 mL. If this bag of chips is transported to Denver (0.775 atm), what will the new volume of the bag be?
P1 = V1 =
P2 = V2 =

8. Charles’ Law
Must be a fixed amount of gas (constant number of molecules)
Must be at constant pressure
Temperature must be in Kelvin *****
Changing the volume causes the temperature to change in the same direction
Increasing the volume causes the temperature to increase OR
Increasing the temperature causes the volume to increase

9. Charles’ Law
Can you think of evidence of Charles’ Law? What would happen if we put an inflated balloon in the freezer?

10. Converting Temperature to Kelvin
To convert temperature from degrees C to Kelvin, simply add 273 to the temperature in degrees C. 25.0oC = = 298 K Convert 60.0oC to temperature in K: 60.0oC = ? 60.0oC = = 333 K

11. Charles’ Law
A helium balloon in a closed car occupies a volume of 2.32 L at 40.0oC. If the car is parked on a hot day and the temperature inside rises to 75.0oC, what is the new volume of the balloon, assuming the pressure remains constant? V1 = 2.32 L T1 = 40.0oC V2 = ? T2 = 75.0oC T1 = T2 =

12. Charles’ Law
Remember, Charles’ Law states:

13. Charles’ Law vs. Boyle’s Law
To understand the difference between Charles’ Law and Boyle’s Law, we can look at the graphs.

14. Charles’ Law
The graph of volume vs. temperature is linear. The slope is positive, since volume and temperature are directly proportionate.

15. Boyle’s Law
The graph of pressure vs. volume is not linear, but curved.
P1V1 = P2V2

16. Boyle’s Law
The graph for Boyle’s Law has a decreasing slope. This makes sense since pressure and volume are inversely proportionate.

17. Boyle’s Law
If we plot pressure vs. the inverse volume (1/V), the graph becomes linear, and the slope is positive.

18. Boyle’s Law: If the pressure increases, the volume decreases (pressure is high when volume is low).

19. Charles’ Law: The volume increases if the temperature increases.

21. Combined Gas Law P1V1 P2V2 T1 T2 =
If temperature (T), pressure (P), and volume (V) are allowed to interact (change), we use the Combined Gas Law:
Only the number of molecules of gas remains constant for the Combined Gas Law.
P1V1 P2V2
T T2 =

22. Combined Gas Law
As always, the number of molecules of the gas must remain constant.
As in Charles’ Law, the temperature must be in Kelvin.
Gas Law problems will often refer to STP
STP = standard temperature and pressure
= 273K and 1 atm
Record all units!!

23. Combined Gas Law
A weather balloon contains 4.0 L of hydrogen gas (H2) at STP. What is the volume of H2 gas at 2.0 atm and 30oC? P1 = P2 = V1 = V2 = T1 = T2 =

24. Combined Gas Law
A weather balloon contains 4.0 L of hydrogen gas (H2) at STP. What is the volume of H2 gas at 2.0 atm and 30oC? P1 = 1.0 atm P2 = 2.0 atm V1 = 4.0 L V2 = ? T1 = 273K T2 = = 303K

25. Combined Gas Law
A weather balloon contains 4.0 L of hydrogen gas (H2) at STP. What is the volume of H2 gas at 2.0 atm and 30oC? V2 = (0.0147Latm/K)(151.5K/atm) V2 = 2.23 L
P1V P2V2
T T2 =

26. Learning Check Does our answer make sense?
Pressure was doubled Volume ?
Temperature increased Volume?
What was the volume we calculated? How does it compare to the predictions above?

27. Learning Check Does our answer make sense?
Pressure was doubled Volume cut in half
Temperature increased Volume increase
Our volume was a little bit more than half the original volume. Based on the predicted changes above, this makes sense.

28. Learning Check
A sample of 2.9 liters of gas at 5 atm and 50oC is compressed to 2.4 liters and 3 atm. What is the new temperature of the gas? P1 = P2 = V1 = V2 = T1 = T2 =

29. Learning Check
A 2135 cm3 sample of dry air has a pressure of 98.4 kPa at 127oC. What is the volume of the sample if the temperature is increased to 206oC when the pressure is kept constant? a) 1320 cm3 b) 1780 cm3 c) 2560 cm3 d) 3460 cm3

30. Learning Check
T1 = T2 = = 400K = 479 K V1 = 2135 cm3 V2 = ? V2 = 2557 cm3

31. Ideal Gas Law n = number of moles of gas R = ideal gas constant
PV =nRT
n = number of moles of gas
R = ideal gas constant = OR
= 8.314
As usual, the temperature must be in Kelvin.

32. Learning Check
Calculate the number of moles of NH3 in a 3.0 L container at 300 K and a pressure of 1.50 atm. P = 1.50 atm V = 3.0 L T = 300 K R =

33. Learning Check PV = nRT (1.50 atm)(3.0 L) = n(0.0821 )(300 K)
Calculate the number of moles of NH3 in a 3.0 L container at 300 K and a pressure of 1.50 atm.
PV = nRT
(1.50 atm)(3.0 L) = n( )(300 K)
n = mol NH3

34. What is an Ideal Gas? Ideal gases: Follow kinetic-molecular theory
Gas particles take up no space
Gas particles have no intermolecular attractions
Gas particles have no attraction/repulsion with container walls
Particles have random motion but travel in straight lines until a collision occurs
Collisions do not change the kinetic energy of the system
Ideal gases follow the gas laws for all T and P

35. Ideal vs. Real Gases
No gas is 100% ideal, though many are good approximations. In reality, the particles of all gases take up some volume (space) and have some attractive forces. When is it not fair to assume the gas is an ideal gas?

36. Ideal vs. Real Gases
Gases do not behave the same under all conditions. At extreme temperatures and pressures, gases do not behave as ideal gases. Very low temperatures: molecules move very slowly, and eventually the gas will become a liquid (phase change known as condensation) Very high pressures: molecules become very close together, and attractions between molecules become more important. Again, the gas will become a liquid

37. Gases and Extreme Conditions

38. Ideal vs. Real Gases
There are other conditions under which gases stop being ideal gases. Polar molecules: the partial charges on the “poles” of the molecule make the intermolecular attractions are important Large, bulky molecules: the larger size of these molecules cause them to differ from ideal gases because the larger size reduces the available volume of the container (these molecules take up a noticeable amount of space)

39. Note how the available space changes as the molecules get bulkier.

40. Ideal vs. Real Gases
This figure illustrates how real gases and ideal gases behave differently. Remember that most gases will behave like ideal gases at many T/P combinations.

41. Learning Check
What happens to the pressure of a gas sample if the gas molecules are polar? The attractions between the molecules reduces the pressure. The molecules will have less force when colliding with the walls, and will collide less frequently.

42. Main deviations of Real Gases
Ideal gases:
Gas particles take up no space Bulky molecules
Gas particles have no intermolecular attractions Polar molecules
Gas particles have no attraction/repulsion with container walls
Collisions do not change the kinetic energy of the system Polar molecules
Ideal gases follow the gas laws for all T and P Extreme High pressure or low temperature

43. Avogadro’s Principle
Avogadro’s Principle: equal volumes of gases at the same T and P contain an equal number of molecules or atoms This means there are the same number of gas molecules in 2.0 L He gas, 2.0 L H2 gas, or 2.0 L NH3 gas at a particular P and T. We can use Avogadro’s Principle to solve stoichiometry problems for gases.

44. Gas Stoichiometry
Whenever a gas is at STP we can use the molar volume of a gas to convert between liters of gas and moles of gas. Note the similarity to converting between grams and moles, as you learned in the stoichiometry unit. The molar volume of a gas is 22.4 L/mole This means that 1 mole of any gas at STP has a volume of 22.4 L.

45. Gas Stoichiometry Consider the following equation:
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) H2O (g)
Calculate the number of moles of H2 gas in a 2.5 L sample of H2 gas at STP.
2.5 L H2 (g) x = mole H2

46. Learning Check
If you have 6.0 moles of O2 gas, what will be the volume of the gas at STP?
(6 mole O2) x = L
Remember, we can combine this with our knowledge of stoichiometry.

47. Learning Check
Calculate the volume of 2000 g of methane (CH4) gas at STP. Molar mass of CH4 = g/mole (2000 g) x = mole CH4 (124.7 mole) x = 2793 L CH4

48. Practice
Work with a partner to solve problems from the book, page 453. Then, write a paragraph explaining why the volume of one mole of any gas is constant. Finally, write one question about something from this chapter that you are confused about.