1. PACS/EPIC 1999-2004 Enhanced Monitoring
Marine Boundary-Layer and Cloud Analysis Using the ESRL EPIC/VOCALS East Pacific Ship Observation Database C. W. Fairall(1), D. Wolfe (1), S. Pezoa (1), Simon DeSoeke (1), L. Bariteau (1, 2), Bruce Albrecht(3), Efthymios Serpetzoglou (3), Virendra Ghate (3), and Paquita Zuidema (3) Results from NOAA Cruises
PACS/EPIC Enhanced Monitoring
9 cruises
Stratus 2001, Enhanced Monitoring
6 cruises
VOCALS 2008 REALLY big field program
DYNAMO 2011 REALLY, REALLY big program

2. OBSERVATIONAL APPROACHS
DOE/ARM CART sites: surface-based measurements, cloud profiling – comprehensive, expensive & a few fixed LAND sites
Intensive ship/aircraft-based field campaigns: similar to ARM but short duration – comprehensive and expensive
Extended Monitoring
Example: Tropic Eastern Pacific PACS/Monitoring project
; 9 cruises
Fairall et al. 2007
Buoys
Much better spatial distribution/sampling
Full annual cycle
Much more limited in measured variables
Cronin et al. 2006a, 2006b

3. Observation Systems Air-sea Fluxes, Clouds, Precipitation
DYNAMO2011
EPIC2001
STRATUS2003
Cloud Radar and Microwave Radiometer

4. EXAMPLE: Measurement Systems for Stratus Cruises

5. Cruise Tracks PACS: Spring 2000-2002 Fall 1999 - 2004
STRATUS 2001,

6. Creation of Synthesis Data Sets:
PACS/EPIC Enhanced Monitoring,10 cruises
ftp://ftp1.esrl.noaa.gov/users/cfairall/EPIC/epicmonitor/combined_files/
Flux, Microwave, Ceilometer data in 3 separate files
Software to read, merge, process, plot the files
Stratus 2001, Enhanced Monitoring, 7 cruises
Merging already done for list of spiffy variables

7. PACS Synthesis Examples ftp://ftp1. esrl. noaa
PACS Synthesis Examples ftp://ftp1.esrl.noaa.gov/user/cfairall/EPIC/epicmonitor/combined_files

8. PACS October heat fluxes 95 & 110˚W
GFDL CM2.1
IROAM
PACS October heat fluxes 95 & 110˚W
-40
-40
latent
-80
-80
-120
-120
-160
-160
-12 -8 -4 4 8 12
-12 -8 -4 4 8 12
sensible
-10
-10
-20
-20
Model
TAO buoy
WHOI ( )
[Yu and Weller 2007]
CORE ( )
[Large and Yeager 2004]
NOAA ship observations ( ) [Fairall et al. 2008]
-12 -8 -4 4 8 12
-12 -8 -4 4 8 12
-25
-25
longwave
-50
-50
-75
-75
-12 -8 -4 4 8 12
-12 -8 -4 4 8 12
300
300
250
250
95 & 110W fluxes from ( ) courtesy of Fairall, Uttal, Hazen, et al. 2008, J. Climate.
solar
200
200
150
150
100
100
-12 -8 -4 4 8 12
-12 -8 -4 4 8 12
200
200
150
150
100
net
100 50 50
-50
-50
-100
-100
-12 -8 -4 4 8 12
-12 -8 -4 4 8 12
north latitude

9. Stratus Synthesis Data http://people. oregonstate
Fall 2001, (6 years) 20˚S, 75-85˚W.
Observe: (10-min or Hourly time resolution)
Surface meteorology
Turbulent and radiative fluxes
Cloud vertical structure: top, base, and LCL.
Rawinsonde profiles
Column water vapor and liquid water path
Aerosols
Assess fluxes from ground

10. Stratus October heat fluxes 20˚S
GFDL CM2.1
IROAM
Stratus October heat fluxes 20˚S
-40
-40
latent
-80
-80
-120
-120
100 85 70
100 85 70
-10
-10
sensible
-20
-20
-30
-30
-40
-40
100 85 70
100 85 70
-25
-25
longwave
-50
-50
-75
-75
-100
-100
Model
WHOI ORS buoy
WHOI ( ) analysis
CORE ( )
NOAA ship observations
100 85 70
100 85 70
300
300
250
250
analyses (WHOI and CORE) do well, even where models are worst
NOAA ship observations are available 75-85W, where model errors are largest. Compare with models and study processes.
solar
200
200
150
150
100 85 70
100 85 70
160
160
120
120
net 80 80 40 40
100 85 70
100 85 70
west longitude

11. Stratus Example: Buoy IR Flux Observations Used to Deduce Cloud Fraction Ghate et al. 2009
Ship Observations

12. A Motion-Stabilized W-band (94-GHz) Cloud Radar for Observations of Marine Boundary-Layer Clouds C.W. Fairall (1), K. Moran (1), S. Pezoa (1), D.E. Wolfe (1), S. de Szoeke (2), and V. Ghate(3)   (1)NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder CO, USA, (2) Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (3) Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
The NOAA Physical Science Division has developed and recently deployed a new pitch-roll stabilized, vertically pointing W-band (94 GHz) Doppler cloud radar for research investigations of the dynamics and microphysics of marine clouds. The radar produces profiles of full Doppler spectra and the first three moments of the spectral peak at 0.3 s time intervals; the vertical resolution is 25 m. Pitch-roll stabilization allows Doppler measurement of vertical motion without tilt-contamination by horizontal winds; ship heave is measured independently and subtracted from the radar vertical velocity to yield very accurate particle vertical motions.

13. Motion Stabilization And Correction
W-band
antenna
*Pitch/Roll stabilization maintains antenna level
*Measured ship vertical motion is subtracted from Doppler
Mean Motions Before and After Vertical motion Correction

14. Time-Height Cross Section Cloud Views
Time series of ceilometer cloudbase height for Nov. 28.
Time-height cross section from 1 hour of data beginning at 0600 on Nov. 28 (Day 333) from ESRL/PSD W-band cloud radar. The top panel is the radar reflectivity (dBZ); the middle panel is the mean Doppler velocity (m/s, positive down); the bottom panel is the Doppler width (m/s) of the return.

15. ESRL W-band moments for the entire day
ESRL W-band moments for the entire day. Also shown the ceilometer cloud base (black) and LCL (red)

16. Radar dericed velocity variance and lidar derived velocity variance and ceilometer cloud base height. Lidar variance is only available every other 10 min period.

17. Radar derived velocity skewness and lidar derived skewness similar to earlier plot.

18. Shallow Convection Life Cycle Off Hawaii
Four time-height cross section panel sets, each from 1 hour of data from ESRL/PSD W-band cloud radar. Each individual panel set shows: radar reflectivity (dBZ), top; mean Doppler velocity (m/s, positive down), middle; Doppler width (m/s) of the return, bottom. Panel sets are examples of: weak convection, upper left; strong convective cell, upper right; strong cell complex, lower left; decaying cloud remnants, lower right.

19. Kelvin-Helmholtz billows
Stratiform precipitation has steady fall velocity.
makes air velocity visible to radar.
DYNAMO has ~100 hours of stratiform rain.
Doppler velocity anomaly (m/s)
Example of generation of turbulence by short-lived shear-driven Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. Billows show alternating billow vertical velocities around 3 km.
(Not shown, shear and velocity variance is observed by the ISS wind profiler at this level and time.)
Doppler width (m/s)
Kelvin-Helmholtz
billows