1. Terrestrial Lidar Imaging of active normal fault scarps
Ioannis karamitros, athanassios ganas, alexandros chatzipetros

2. Physics Acronym of “Light Detection and Ranging”
Remote sensing technology
Ultraviolet, visible, or near infrared wavelength
Distance between the laser and a surface is calculated by the time of flight of the emitted pulse and its reflected, returning counterpart
Non intrusive visual recording system
Terrestrial (TLS) and Airborne systems
(taken from Mike Renslow, Spencer B. Gross, Inc.)

3. Specifications Can be mobile or stationary
Maximum reliable survey range of about one kilometer
Centimeter or even millimeter accuracy
ILRIS (3D-HD) Optech Inc:
Recording frequency of points per second
High special accuracy 7mm at 100m distance

4. Product Quality Point Cloud: Resulting product of a scanning session
Densely spaced network of elevation points
Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z)
The Data quality depends on:
the spatial resolution of the scanner
Inclination angle of the laser beam
Distance between the scanner and the surface
The surface material
The surface color
The condition of the surface

5. Intensity
Intensity is the measure of the reflection strength of the laser pulse upon returning to the laser scanner
Is dependent:
on the reflectivity of the target material,
range to the target (laser pulse becomes wider and less intense with distance)
atmospheric conditions (presence of dust, rain, humidity levels, etc.).
Example from Fowler et al. 2011

6. Normal Faults Fault: a fracture in the earth's crust
Normal fault : the hanging wall moves downward relative to the footwall.
A normal fault occurs when the crust is extended. Alternatively such a fault can be called an extensional fault.
Ptolemais, Greece
Fault Analysis Group

7. Arkitsa study Kokkalas et al (2007) Jones et al. (2009): TLS
Arkitsa fault, northern Gulf of Evia, Greece
Quantitative analysis and visualization of the nonplanar surfaces
Measurements of the corrugation and fault geometry
Relate the spatial variation in fault geometry to larger scale fault kinematics and dynamics.

8. Regional Setting of the Fault Scarp
Messinian basin, Peloponnesus, Southern Greece.
Eastern Messinia Fault Zone (EMFZ), western side of the Taygetus mountain range
Normal fault (limestone bedrock)
Survey of the fault plane on late May 2015
ILRIS (3D-HD)
(Fountoulis et al., 2014)

9. Pidima Fault Scarp N-S Strike 10m perpendicular to the fault plane
1mm scan step
Last return
9,436,368 initial cloud points

10. Point Cloud Creation Manual removal of remaining vegetation
Semi-Automated removal of eroded points
Computation of 3D site geometry parameters
5,713,381 cloud points
5mm pixel size
Fault plane:
maximum length 27.84m
Maximum width 7.971m N S

11. Intensity values
Intensity value on an 8- bit scale ( )

12. Geometry of scarp
Dip Angle

13. Geometry of scarp
Dip Direction

14. Geometry of scarp
Mean Curvature of the Fault surface

15. Summary From the Pidima Fault Scarp: maximum length 27.84m
Maximum width 7.971m
5mm pixel size
Mean Dip angle: 70.56°
Mean Dip Direction: N250.2°E
Projection of intensity values and Mean Curvature

16. Thank you very much for your attention!