1. Colossians 1:16, 17
16 For by him were all things created, that are in heaven, and that are in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers: all things were created by him, and for him:
17 And he is before all things, and by him all things consist.

2. Bacterial Genetics
Timothy G. Standish, Ph. D.

3. Bacteria Have Circular Chromosomes
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Chromosome
Origin of
Replication
Termination of
Replication

4. Replication Replication goes in both directions Original Chromosome
Start of replication
Theta (q) structure
End of replication
Two chromosomes
Mid replication

5. Binary Fission

6. Genetic Recombination
If bacteria were incapable of genetic recombination, all members of a given species would be clones with differences arising only due to mutations in different lines
If bacteria could not share genetic information as other organisms do in sexual reproduction, there would be vastly less opportunity to adapt to different environments
As it turns out, bacteria are notorious for their ability to adapt, thus it is not surprising that elegant mechanisms exist for sharing genetic information

7. Ways Bacteria Exchange Genetic Material
Transformation - Bacteria take up DNA from their environment and incorporate it into their genome (i.e., the Griffith experiment)
Conjugation - The direct transfer of DNA by bacteria usually via plasmids
Transduction - Movement of DNA between bacteria by viruses

8. 1 Transformation
Crossing
over
Insertion

9. 1 Transformation

10. 1 Transformation

11. 1 Transformation

12. 1 Transformation

13. 1 Transformation

14. Crossover Frequency
Following binary fission, one daughter cell will have the recombinant strand and thus have a recombinant chromosome
Mapping bacterial genes following transformation is not significantly different from eukaryotic mapping. The closer two genes are to one another, the lower the probability of a crossover event between them and thus the higher the probability that they will be co-transformed
A B C
Transformation with A and C is unlikely
A B C

15. 2 Conjugation F plasmid F plasmid F+ bacteria F- bacteria
Mating Bridge
F- bacteria F
plasmid

16. 2 Conjugation F plasmid F plasmid F+ bacteria F- bacteria
Mating Bridge F
plasmid

17. 2 Conjugation F plasmid F plasmid F+ bacteria F- bacteria
Mating Bridge F
plasmid

18. 2 Conjugation F plasmid F plasmid F+ bacteria F- bacteria
Mating Bridge F
plasmid

19. 2 Conjugation F plasmid F plasmid F plasmid F+ bacteria F- bacteria
Mating Bridge F
plasmid F
plasmid

20. Transfer of genetic material
Hfr Recombination
F+ bacteria
F plasmid Integration
Hfr cell
Transfer of genetic material
F- bacteria

21. Transfer of genetic material
Hfr Recombination
F+ bacteria
F plasmid Integration
Hfr cell
Interruption of conjugation
F- bacteria
Crossing over
Transfer of genetic material

22. Hfr Recombination F+ bacteria F plasmid Integration Hfr cell
Recombinant
Bacteria

23. 3 Transduction Generalized
Destruction of the bacteria’s DNA
Infection
Replication of the viral genome
Production of viral parts
Packaging
Lysis

24. 3 Transduction Specialized
Temperate
Phage
Part of the bacteria’s DNA
Replication of the viral genome
Production of viral parts
Packaging
Lysis

25. The
End