1. THE REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON Peace-work-fatherland LANGSI DOBGANGHA Jacob
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DOCTORATE TRAINING UNIT
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION
THE UNIVERSITY OF NGAOUNDERE
THE REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON
Peace-work-fatherland
2017 DOCTORIAL SEMINAR
Post-harvest Maize Treatment and Effectiveness of Essential oils of Local Plants against Sitophilus zeamais and Fungal Pests in Stored Maize
Presented by
LANGSI DOBGANGHA Jacob
MSc (Entomology)
Registration number: 11A563FS
Under the supervision of:
NUKENINE Elias NCHIWAN
Professor
Faculty of Science
University of Ngaoundere
FOKUNANG Charles NTUNGWEN
Associate Professor
Faculty of Health Sciences
University of Yaoundé 1
Year 2017

2. Outline INTRODUCTION Part I: Review on last year’s presentation
Part II: Additional work done
- Phytochemical analysis
- In vivo activity against maize fungi
GENERAL CONCLUSION
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3. Generelities and world production
INTRODUCTION
Importance
Cultivated worldwide; Most famous in SSA (FAOSTAT, 2015)
In Sub-Saharan Africa, by small holder farmers as individuals or groups (Odogola & Henriksson, 1991, Lyon., 2000)
-Yield: 70,076,591 t (Africa) then sorghum, wheat and rice (FAOSTAT, 2015)
fuel
Uses
food (man/animals)
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4. Post harvest treatment
Cameroon
INTRODUCTION
Economy backbone is agriculture (70% active population) which contributes to 25% of the GDP (FAO, 2008). EN NO AD ES SO CE LI WE NW SW
Production
1°-WE and NW: principal
(Western Highlands)
55% in rural areas with agriculture as main activity. (Etoundi and Dia, 2008)
2°-AD and NO (AGRISTAT, 2010; MINADER, 2015)
(SudanoGuinean)
Conditions: extremely poor, tools, fertilizers, education, roads, drying and storage facilities and pest problems (Manu et al., 2015).
Post harvest treatment
Seasons: two
Drying: sun and specialized
Storage: indoor, outdoor and specialized
Treatment: chemical and botanical
(Ngamo and Hance (2007), Ngatanko et al. (2017), Nukenine et al, (2010))
Production
Cameroon 11th with over 1 million tones per year(FAOSTAT, 2015)
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5. Pest problem and control
INTRODUCTION
Pests problem
Unfortunately, stored products are generally attacked by
rodents
moulds
Insects S. zeamais (most destructive)
(about 19 pests known)
Adult Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky
Control
Varietal resistance
Physical
Biological
Botanicals*
Chemical !
Hygienic
Intergrated
Nukenine et al.(2002): 33% losses in Adamawa Region. This loss could get up to 80% in 5 months (Ngamo et al., 2007)
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6. Botanicals Definition: insecticides of plant origin
INTRODUCTION
Definition: insecticides of plant origin
Forms of application: stems, leaves roots, bark, flowers; fruits, etc. applied as whole, powders, crude extracts, solvent extracts, ash or essential oils (Ngamo et al., 2007).
Change with Agro-ecological zone: Nathan et al. (2015) in Malawi on Amaranthus sp., Asante et al. (2013) in Ghana on Moringa olifera
Essential oils: Odoriferous and volatile organic compounds from aromatic plants (Craveiro et al. 1976)
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7. Presentation of problem Need for good post-harvest treatment
INTRODUCTION
Need for good post-harvest treatment
Assurance of food security is premordial for every country (Godfray et al., 2010; FAO 2013)
Putting in place a strategy for pest control is important (FAO, 2006)
PROBLEM
RURAL AREAS: extremely poor, tools, fertilizers, education, roads, drying and storage facilities and pest problems (Manu et al., 2015). Synthetic organic pesticides pose so many problems (Inyang et al., 2005).
THEREFORE
Plants which make excellent leads for new pesticide development could be used (Ngamo et al. (2007); Swarna & Neelakanta, 2009; Vetrivel et al., 2009; Nukenine et al. (2010); Ambindei et al, (2016); Langsi et al. (2017)) !
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8. Previous work done Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (Amaranthaceae)
INTRODUCTION
Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (Amaranthaceae)
-Toxicity, oviposition suppression, ovicidal and larvicidal effects as powder, extracts and essential oil against C. maculatus F., S. zeamais Motsc. (Abiodun et al.,2010, Ntonifor et al., 2011, Tapondjou et al., 2002),
-Antibacterial property (Sati et al., 2015).
-Anti-cancer properties (Wu et al., 2013)
Cupressus sempervirens L. (Cupressaceae)
Mortality, progeny and Repellency (Taponjou et al., 2005, Achiri et al., 2015)
Antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity (Maher et al., 2012)
-Phytotoxic effect (Amri et al., 2013).
-In vitro antifungal activity of Tunisian sample (Amri et al., 2013, Maher et al., 2012)
Toxicity: Ch. ambrosioides: Amole and Izegbu (2005)
Cu. sempervirens: Korem (2009) and Ali (2013)
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9. Main Objective INTRODUCTION (7/7)
To Evaluate Post-harvest maize Treatment Techniques, Botanical use and Biological Potentials of Essential oils Ch. ambrosioides and Cu. sempervirens and their Binary Combinations from two Agroecological Zones in the Control of S. zeamais and Fungal Pests in Stored Maize
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10. Specific Objectives INTRODUCTION (7/7)
1) To investigate post harvest maize processing in Mezam (Western Highland zone) and Vina (Sudano-Guinean zone) Divisions.
2) To evaluate the phytochemical constituents of essential oils of both plants harvested from Mezam and Vina Divisions
3) Evaluate the effectiveness of essential oils from both zones on insect: Mortality, progeny emergence, repellence, damage, persistence
4) Evaluate the effectiveness of essential oils from both zones on fungal growth: in-vitro by contact and fumigation and in-vivo by fumigation on ATP maize variety.
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11. PART 1: Previous work presented
Post-harvest maize treatment/botanical use in Mezam (Western Highlands zone) and Vina (Sudano-Guinean zone) Divisions
*** Done with the use of semi-structured questionnaires
Botanicals/Chemical pesticides in use
Dominant cultivation season
Maize drying and storage methods
Maize varieties cultivated
Important maize pests
Fate of attacked maize
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12. PART 1: Previous work presented
FUNGAL CONTROL
In vitro activities of essential oils of Ch. ambrosioides and Cu. sempervirens and their binary combinations on R. stolonifer and A. flavus to control mycelial growth
By contact
By fumigation; in petri dishes on PDA
INSECT CONTROL
Essential oils of Ch. ambrosioides and Cu. sempervirens and their binary combinations on S. zeamais to control
Mortality
Progeny production
Repellence
Damage
Persistence of the essential oils
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13. PART 2 Analysis of phytochemical composition by GC/MS
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Analysis of phytochemical composition by GC/MS
In vivo fungal control on stored maize
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14. Essential oil extaction and GC/MS
Review
Plants: IRAD(Dec Feb. 2016) and Ngaoundere (Dec. 2016).
Hand crushed
Chenopodium ambrosioides
Hydrodistillation
dried with Na2SO4(s)
fresh Cu Ch
Analysis: GC/MS
(Agilent Technologies)
(Adams, 2007).
Cupressus sempervirens
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15. In vivo fungal control Fumigation on contaminated ATP maize
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Fumigation on contaminated ATP maize
105 spores/mL
3 reps
Autoclave
Cool for 24h
1atm, 121oC,15 min
Incubation for 3d
Soaked for 24h, 25g maize, 12cm2 filter paper,
0, 20, 40, 60 and 80µL/L of EOs (AA, AB and 50%).
Washed in 2% NaOCl and rinsed in sterile distilled water. 5 grains Inoculated in PDA
Incubation for 3d
Incubation for 0, 7, 14, 21 days
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Chatterjee, 1990

16. Data Analysis
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Data on percentage spore growth after 0, 7, 14 and 21 days was analysed by SPSS to get the means and standard errors while the the Tukey LSD Test was used for mean separation
The resulting data GC/MS was elaborated using MSD ChemStation and the NIST deconvolution software AMDIS.
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17. Results
RESULTS
Chemical composition of Cupressus sempervirens and Chenopodium ambrosioides essential oils from the Western highland (Bamenda) and Sudano-Guinean (Ngaoundere) Agro-ecological zones KI
Name
Percentage (%)
Cupressus sempervirens
Chenopodium ambrosioides
Ngaoundere
Bamenda
Monoterpene hydrocarbons*****
69.2
63.79
85.26
79.87
935
α –Pinene
17 .59
21.10 /
977
Sabinene
9 .42
6.94
1008
3-carene
25 .91
7.54
2.12
1013
4-carene
6.28
52.88
46.32
1017
p-cymene
2 .60
29.03
32.62
1019
limonene
10 .62
Oxygenated Monoterpenes
16.95
13.47
0.00
1.55
1090
Umbellulone
3 .28
1091
3-thujen-2-one
4 .43
1095
terpinen-4-ol
4 .73
2.13
1260
Ascaridole
0.86
1268
Thymol
0.35
1281
α-terpineolacetate
2 .97
Hydrogenated Sisqueterpenes
4.21
13.81
1444
epi-bicyclosesquiphellandrene
0 .21
7.68
Oxygenated Siqueterpenes
0.7
1621
Spathulenol
0 .06
1624
caryophyllene oxide
0 .25
1636
Cubenol
0 .15
1652
α-cadinol
0 .24
Total
91 .34
92.32
81.42
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18. Results RESULTS Essential oils from Bamenda On Rhizopus stolonifer
In vivo percentage inhibition of R. stolonifer growth on contaminated maize as a result of treatment with essential oils of Ch. ambrosioides, Cu. sempervirens and their 50/50 binary combination from Bamenda
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19. Results RESULTS Essential oils from Bamenda On Aspergillus flavus
In vivo percentage inhibition of A. flavus growth on contaminated maize as a result of treatment with essential oils of Ch. ambrosioides, Cu. sempervirens and their 50/50 binary combination from Bamenda
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20. Results RESULTS Essential oils from Ngaoundere On Rhizopus stolonifer
In vivo percentage inhibition of R. stolonifer growth on contaminated maize as a result of treatment with essential oils of Ch. ambrosioides, Cu. sempervirens and their 50/50 binary combination from Ngaoundere
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21. Results RESULTS Essential oils from Ngaoundere On Aspergillus flavus
In vivo percentage inhibition of A. flavus growth on contaminated maize as a result of treatment with essential oils of Ch. ambrosioides, Cu. sempervirens and their 50/50 binary combination from Ngaoundere
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22. Conclusion
Both agroecological zones cultivate maize for two seasons (dominant rainy), use more synthetic pesticides and have different dominant maize varieties,
Both plants and their binary combinations are good at controlling insects; though with a low persistence
Leaf EOs of both plants are rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons while Cu. sempervirens from both sites have ά-pinene as major component. 4-carene is the major component of Ch. ambrosioides from both zones.
EOs of leaves of Ch. ambrosioides and Cu. sempervirens are good fungicides. They have good potentials to prevent fungal mycelia growth and spore germination.
These plants are hence recommended for use as alternatives to the chemical synthetic pesticides currently in wide use.
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23. Publication
Langsi DJ, Nukenine EN, Fokunang CN, Suh C and Goudoungou WJ (2017). Potentials of Essential Oils of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. and Cupressus sempervirens L. against Stored Maize Pest, Sitophilus zeamais
Motschulsky, Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies; 5(2):
Langsi DJ, Nukenine EN, Fokunang CN, Suh C, Agwanande AW, Katamssadan TH (2017). Evaluation of Post-harvest Maize Treatment, Phyto-insecticide use on Maize Varieties in Mezam Division. International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR), Vol. 10, No. 3, p. 1-17, 2017
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24. THANKS FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION
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