1. Energy Transfer Across the Lumbosacral and Lower-Extremity Joints in Patients With Low Back Pain During Sit-to-Stand 
Gary L. Shum, PhD, Jack Crosbie, PhD, Raymond Y. Lee, PhD 
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 
Volume 90, Issue 1, Pages (January 2009)
DOI: /j.apmr
Copyright © 2009 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Terms and Conditions

2. Fig 1
The total normalized power flow pattern of the pelvis, thigh, and leg segments of asymptomatic and subjects with LBP.
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  , DOI: ( /j.apmr )
Copyright © 2009 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Terms and Conditions

3. Fig 2
The normalized segmental power flow pattern of the (A) pelvis, (B) thigh, and (C) leg segments of asymptomatic subject.
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  , DOI: ( /j.apmr )
Copyright © 2009 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Terms and Conditions

4. Fig 2
The normalized segmental power flow pattern of the (A) pelvis, (B) thigh, and (C) leg segments of asymptomatic subject.
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  , DOI: ( /j.apmr )
Copyright © 2009 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Terms and Conditions

5. Fig 3
Diagrams showing load and power flow analysis with the thigh segment as an example. (A) Load analysis. M and F are the moments and forces acting at the hip (proximal) and knee (distal) of the thigh segment and ω and v the angular and linear velocities of the segments. The subscript p and d represent proximal and distal, respectively. (B) Power flow at the proximal (Pproximal) and distal ends (Pdistal) of a body segment. Passive (Ppassive =Fp ·Vp +Fd ·Vd) and active Pactive =Mp ·ωsegment +Md ·ωsegment) power flow are also shown.
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  , DOI: ( /j.apmr )
Copyright © 2009 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Terms and Conditions