1. MIDDLE AGES-REVIVAL

2. 500-1000: Early Middle Ages- Life was bad
: High Middle Ages-things got a lot better
: Late Middle Ages-terrible things happened but the level of achievement did not go down.

3. 1000 – A TURNING POINT!! Trade revived Towns & cities grew
Learning & literacy began to revive.

4. Changes in agriculture around 1000AD
1)The average climate got about 2 degrees warmer

5. Changes in agriculture around 1000AD
2) The three field system, which began around 900AD, had spread throughout Europe. 2/3 of the land was used instead of ½

6. Changes in agriculture around 1000AD
3) Heavy moldboard plow
European soil was heavier and wetter
Traditional plow just dug in
Heavy moldboard plow dug deeper and turned the soil

7. Changes in Agriculture around 1000AD
Now horses could be used instead of oxen
4) Horse Collar and Horse Shoes
Type used for oxen; not good for horses because it cuts into windpipe
Better, but not used much
Much better, tripled the weight a horse could pull

8. WHY DID THIS REVIVAL TAKE PLACE?
MORE MORE MORE MORE
FOOD PEOPLE TRADE TOWNs
+ CRUSADES

9. Italy
England
France
Holy Roman Empire
Kievan Rus
TRADE CENTERS
Venice,Genoa
Champagne
Flanders
Bruge
Hanseatic League
Hamburg
Kiev

10. REVIVAL OF TRADE IN ITALY
Earliest revival of trade was in the cities of Northern Italy, especially Genoa & Venice
Trade had declined less there.
Location favored trade.
Served as go-betweens for traders from Asia and Europe. carried Crusaders to Palestine; carried goods back from Asia.

12. Revival of Trade in Northern Europe
Flanders
Located where Belgium & Netherlands are now
Specialized in making & selling fine woolen cloth
Largest cities were Bruges & Ghent

14. Revival of Trade in Northern Europe
Kiev, in what is now Ukraine, also became a trading center

15. Revival of Trade in Northern Europe
Hanseatic League
Association of trading cities of what is now Northern Germany (then it was the HRE).
This association acted almost like a government: it had an army & navy; it enforced trade rules
About 100 cities, including Bremen, Hamburg & Lubeck

16. Revival of Trade
From Asia, Europeans wanted: Dyes, medicines, silks, spices, cotton & linen, art objects
Europeans exported:
Baltic countries: fish, fur, timber
Spain: leather, oil, soap;
France: wine
Venice: Glassware
England & Flanders: woolen cloth

17. TRADE FAIRS
Temporary locations where merchants and traders met to do business
The best known trade fairs were in northeastern France, in the area known as Champagne.
Champagne was on the trade route between Italy and Flanders.
At different times of year, 4 towns in Champagne held a total of 6 fairs, each lasting about 49 days
Merchants came from all over Europe

18. Medieval trade fairs.
Trade fairs became social events, with clowns, jugglers and musicians.

19. New business practices-Domestic System
Manufacturing by the Domestic System (also called “Putting out system”.
Goods were produced in the worker’s houses. Example:
A businessman would buy wool, then take it to a spinner, then to a weaver, then to a dyer, who each performed a task. Then he collected the cloth and sold it.

20. Trade Fairs At first business was done by barter.
As the fairs grew larger, merchants began to use money.
However, local rulers issued their own coins, and money changers exchanged coins from one region for coins of another.

21. New Business practices: Banking
The first bankers were simply money changers.
In the Middle Ages, the Church said money lending for interest, which was called usury, was a sin.
However, some people began to lend money for interest anyway, and eventually the Church changed the rule.

22. New Business Practices-Banking
Banks began to issue a special note called a “bill of exchange”, which was like a check, used in place of money.
A merchant could deposit his money in one bank, get a bill of exchange, and then travel to another city, present his bill of change and get cash in the amount of his deposit.

23. New Business Practices: investing
In the later Middle Ages, businessmen began investing capital.
Capital is money that is earned, saved, and invested to make a profit.
Sometimes several investors formed a partnership, in which profits and loses were shared.
All these new business practices resulted in a “market economy” in which land, labor and capital are controlled by individuals.