1. Chemistry 121 Winter
Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
Instructor Dr. Upali Siriwardane (Ph.D. Ohio State)
Office: 311 Carson Taylor Hall ; Phone: ;
Contact me trough if you have questions
Online Tests on Following days
December 16, 2016: Test 1 (Chapters 12-13)
January 23, 2017 : Test 2 (Chapters 14-16)
February 10, 2017 : Test 3 (Chapters 17-19)
February 22, 2017 : Test 4 (Chapters 20-22)
February 23, 2017: Make Up Exam: Chapters 12-22)

2. Slides & GHW Questions
GHW#1

3. Chapter 12. Saturated Hydrocarbons
12.1 Organic and Inorganic Compounds, 341
12.2 Bonding Characteristics of the Carbon Atom, 342
12.3 Hydrocarbons and Hydrocarbon Derivatives, 342
12.4 Alkanes: Acyclic Saturated Hydrocarbons, 343
12.5 Structural Formulas, 344
12.6 Alkane Isomerism, 346
12.7 Conformations of Alkanes, 348
12.8 IUPAC Nomenclature for Alkanes, 350
12.9 Line-Angle Structural Formulas for Alkanes, 356
12.10 Classification of Carbon Atoms, 358
12.11 Branched-Chain Alkyl Groups, 359
12.12 Cycloalkanes, 361
12.13 IUPAC Nomenclature for Cycloalkanes, 362
12.14 Isomerism in Cycloalkanes, 363
12.15 Sources of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes, 365
12.16 Physical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes, 367
12.17 Chemical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes, 368
12.18 Halogenated Alkanes and Cycloalkanes, 371

4. 1. Circle the correct compound type (ionic or covalent) for the
following:
formula compound type
a) NBr (ionic or covalent)
b) NaCl (ionic or covalent)
c) C2H5OH (inorganic or organic)
d) NH4NO3 (inorganic or organic)
CHEM 121 Winter 2016

5. Shapes of Atomic Orbitals
A s orbital consists of sphere with the center at the nucleus
A p orbital consists of two lobes arranged in a straight line with the center at the nucleus
CHEM 121 Winter 2016

6. Shapes of p Atomic Orbitals
A p orbital consists of two lobes arranged in a straight line with the center at the nucleus
CHEM 121 Winter 2016

7. Hybridizations of Atomic Orbitals
sp3 tetrahedral 
sp2 trigonal planar 120
sp linear 180
CHEM 121 Winter 2016

8. Electronic Configuration of atoms
Ground state electronic configuration of atoms in core format
Carbon (C): [He] 2s2, 2p2
or [He] 2s2, 2px13py13pz0
Potassium (K): [Ar] 4s1
Phosphorous (P): [Ne] 3s2, 3p3
Valence shell electronic configuration
Carbon (C): 3s2, 3p2
Potassium (K): 4s1
Phosphorous (P): 3s2, 3p3
How you get the electronic configuration of an atom from the periodic table?
CHEM 121 Winter 2016

9. d) Carbon (C): [He] 2s2, 2px12py12pz0
For the atoms and ions below, circle the correct ground state valence electron configuration of carbon in core format:
a) Carbon (C): s2, 2px12py12pz1
b) Carbon (C): s1 or 3s2, 3p6
c) Carbon (C): [Ne] 3s2, 3p3
d) Carbon (C): [He] 2s2, 2px12py12pz0
CHEM 121 Winter 2016

10. Lewis structure of atoms (Review)
CHEM 121 Winter 2016

11. a) N b) C 3. Circle the Lewis structures of the following atoms:
CHEM 121 Winter 2016

12. Drawing Lewis structure molecules and ions (Review)
Add all valence electron of atoms in the molecule from the formula.
2) Add the ion charge for negative ions or subtract for positive ions.
3) Draw the skeletal structure by connecting the atoms with single bonds.
4) Give each of the atoms an octet (8 e-). Adding unshared pairs of electrons
5) Count the total number of e- used through step 4 and compare to the number calculated in
CHEM 121 Winter 2016

13. 4. Circle the correct Lewis structure for following compounds:
a) CH3OH
CHEM 121 Winter 2016

14. Electronegativities of Elements
Electronegativity
The ability of one atom in
a molecule to
attract electrons to itself.
d d- d+
H - O - H
difference
Affect the polarity of a
bond and the molecule
Therefore the properties

15. Classify following bonds nonpolar-covalent, polar-covalent or ionic bonds
N-H and = 0.9
O-H and = 1.4
C-H and = 0.4
C-F and = 2.5
Na-Cl and = 2.1
Al-Cl and = 1.5
Electronegativity difference in a bond
Pure Covalent:
Polar Covalent:
Ionic Bond: < 1.5
CHEM 121 Winter 2016

16. Circle the most polar bond in the following molecule:
CHEM 121 Winter 2016

17. Functional groups
Are specific groups (moieties) of atoms or bonds within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of hydrocarbons
CHEM 121 Winter 2016

18. Classifying Organic Compounds
Examples Functional Group Ending
Hydrocarbons (CH) & single bonds only -ane (Chapter 12)
Haloalkane(CFC) R-X (F,Cl) ane (Chapter 12)
Unsaturated (HC) & C=C ene (Chapter 13)
Unsaturated (HC) & C≡C yne (Chapter 13)
Alcohol R-OH ol (Chapter 14)
Ethers R-OR ether (Chapter 14)
Aldehydes R-CHO al (Chapter 15)
Ketones R(C=O)R’ one (Chapter 15)
Carboxylic Acids R-COOH oic acid (Chapter 16)
Esters R-COOR’ oate (Chapter 16)
Amines R-NH amine (Chapter 17)
Amide R-COONH amide (Chapter 17)
CHEM 121 Winter 2016

19. Types of formula for organic compounds
Chemical (Molecular) formula: Indicate the kind and number of each type of atom in the molecule.
Condensed formula: Shows skeletal atoms in a molecule and places them in a sequential order that indicates bonding.
Structural formula: Shows each atom and bonds in a molecule.
Line-angle formula: The hydrogen atoms are removed from carbon chains, leaving just a carbon line skeleton with functional groups attached to it.
CHEM 121 Winter 2016

20. Alicyclic (no rings) Alkanes
Are saturated hydrocarbons:
Noncyclic alkanes: General molecular formula, CnH2n+2
Structural formula:
CHEM 121 Winter 2016

21. 6. Name the functional group in each of the following molecules
CHEM 121 Winter 2016

22. 7) Give the formulas for each of the following:
i) Molecular formula:
ii) Condensed formula:
CHEM 121 Winter 2016

23. 7) Give the formulas for each of the following:b)
             
i) Molecular formula:
ii) Condensed formula:
iii) Line-angle formula:
CHEM 121 Winter 2016

24. 8) Give the following for an straight alkane with five carbons atoms
8) Give the following for an straight alkane with five carbons atoms   i) Molecular formula:
ii) Condensed formula:
iii) Line-angel formula:    
iv) IUPAC name:  
CHEM 121 Winter 2016

25. Nomenclature: Unbranched or straight chain alkanes
General molecular formula: CnH2n+2
All bond angles about tetrahedral carbon are approximately 109.5°
CHEM 121 Winter 2016

26. Nomenclature: Unbranched or straight chain alkanes
General molecular formula: CnH2n+2
All bond angles about tetrahedral carbon are approximately 109.5°
CHEM 121 Winter 2016

27. Rules of IUPAC Nomenclature of Branched Alkanes
Parent name: the longest carbon chain
Substituent: a group bonded to the parent chain
Alkyl group: a substituent derived by removal of a hydrogen from an alkane; given the symbol R- written in alphabetical order
CH4 becomes CH3- (methyl)
CH3CH3 becomes CH3CH2- (ethyl)
Prefixes: di-, tri-, tetra-, etc. are not included in alphabetization
CHEM 121 Winter 2016

28. Common alkyl groups
CHEM 121 Winter 2016

29. 9) IUPAC name of the following branched alkane:
CHEM 121 Winter 2016

30. 10) Give the names of following alkyl groups:
CHEM 121 Winter 2016