1. Fractures

2. Fractures Incomplete fracture Complete fracture
Fracture lines does not extend through bone or disrupt the entire thickness of bone
Complete fracture
Fracture lines goes all the way through bone

3. Fractures Comminuted fractures
Bone broken in several places and splinters of bone can be embedded in surrounding tissue

4. Fractures Compression fracture
Bone collapses due to disruption of bone tissue
Usually in short bone (vertebral bone)

5. Fractures Greenstick fracture
Incomplete break that occurs almost exclusively in children

6. Fractures Compound: Causes disruption of skin and soft tissue
Fragment of bone punctures skin
Often complicated by infection

7. Fracture treatment Reduction of fractures
Manipulation to restore correct anatomical position

8. Fracture treatment Open reduction Closed reduction
surgical incision to expose fracture site
Bone realigned and position with internal fixation (rods, plates, screws)
Closed reduction
Local or general anesthesia may be used
Manipulate bone back into normal position

9. Fracture treatment Immobilization with a cast or splint
Alleviates muscle spasm around fracture site

10. Tractions
Applies to a pin inserted through distal bone fragment and pulling forces helps return overriding one fragments to normal anatomical position
Used until healing takes place or
Until internal fixation can be performed

11. Diagnostic Tests for the
Skeletal System

12. Diagnostic Tests for bones
Bone density studies
Method of determining how porous bone is
Bone marrow biopsy
Extraction of a small amount of bone marrow for microscopic examination

13. Diagnostic Tests for bones
Bone scan
Nuclear medicine procedure
Detects amount of radiant energy released from the medication
Allows physician to detect fractures osteoporosis, cancer, and growths

14. Diagnostic Tests for joints
Arthrogram
Injection of dye into a specific joint followed by series of x-rays
Arthroscopy
Visual examination of all aspects of a joint using special instrument that contains a light and camera
aspiration
Removal of excessive fluid from synovial space through a needle