1. CCOT: How were fascist regimes of the 1930s similar to and different from authoritarian regimes in the past, and what caused this shift?
Comparison: Compare the causes of the 1789 French Revolution with the Russian Revolution (1917)

2. CCOT: How were fascist regimes of the 1930s similar to and different from authoritarian regimes in the past, and what caused this shift?
-Use of propaganda to control people
-Seizure of absolute power once in elected office
-Role of religion/degree to which democracy was used/abused

3. CCOT: How were fascist regimes of the 1930s similar to and different from authoritarian regimes in the past, and what caused this shift?
By country/leader
Italy, Germany, Soviet Union (synthesis) + Propaganda + Feelings bout competition
- Degree to which racial issues

4. 2) New political ideas that empower masses
Comparison: Compare the causes of the 1789 French Revolution with the Russian Revolution (1917)
Dissatisfaction with gov. (Pol/Social)
Famine (economic)
Discrimination against social classes (social)
1) Incompetent rulers ignoring needs of lower classes/masses
2) New political ideas that empower masses

5. AP TEST REVIEW PART TWO
Religious Wars, Exploration (1500s) Absolutism (1700s) and the Scientific Revolution

6. Religious Wars, etc. of the 16th and 17th century
1. Both religious and political in nature, but over time became increasingly political.
2. Involved much fighting between France and the HRE with England, the Dutch, the Italians and many others thrown in for fun.

8. Holy Roman Empire: Hapsburgs
Habsburg Dynasty
Through marriages between Spain and the Habsburg family, Charles V came to rule the largest empire since Rome

9. The Empire of Charles V (1519 - 1556)
Charles was the grandson of Max. I and was the next living male heir.
Charles’ father had married a daughter (Juana la loca) of Ferdinand and Isabella before he died.
Charles inherited a huge empire from his father and grandparents which included the HRE, Spain, the Low Countries, and the Italian States.
His commitment to Catholicism weakens the HRE
Winds up facilitating further division of Europe

10. Weaknesses of Charles’ Empire
Geographically, his empire was so spread out it was difficult to control.
N. German princes were striving for some measure of autonomy and were using religion as a pretext for rebellion.
The reformation had already begun when he became emperor, and this created religious division and wars.

11. The End of Charles’ Reign
1555: The Peace of Augsburg established some measure of religious freedom in the HRE (cuius regio, eius religio)
1556: Charles retired to a monastery
1556: Ferdinand I (his brother) got the HRE and Philip II (his son) got Spain, Netherlands, Naples, Milan, and the New World colonies.

12. Wars over Italy
The Italian city-states were attractive to invaders for several reasons:
They were wealthy territories which were a tempting target for stronger powers
They were quite small and were easy prey for larger powers. Balance of Power: Milan, Florence, and Naples vs. Venice and the Papal states: Peace of Lodi 1454

13. Balance of Power: Milan, Florence, and Naples vs
Balance of Power: Milan, Florence, and Naples vs. Venice and the Papal states: Peace of Lodi 1454
Spain vs. France in Naples ( )

14. The Sacking of Rome
Annoyed with the Pope, Charles allowed his troops to sack Rome in 1527.
1530: Charles made peace with the Pope and was given the title “King of Italy.”
1540: France again invaded Milan and Naples, but was defeated by the HRE.

15. Spain Under Philip II (1556 - 1598)
Philip inherited a nation blessed with great wealth in the form of gold and silver from the New World.
He wanted to expand Spanish power, champion the Catholic cause and defeat the Turks.
Unfortunately, he squandered much of his wealth by:
spending huge amounts of resources by fighting religious wars to try to halt the spread of the Reformation;
purchasing luxury items from other nations to keep the Spanish nobility happy.

16. The Dutch Revolt
Under the leadership of William of Orange (William the Silent), the Calvinist Dutch provinces united with the Catholic Dutch provinces to assert their independence from Spanish control.
The Calvinist provinces resented the Inquisition and all of the provinces resented the payment of taxes to Spain.

17. The Dutch, continued
Philip, an intense and determined man, sent the Duke of Alva to stop the revolt.
His actions included the council of blood and the sacking of Antwerp.
Following the sacking of Antwerp, the Catholic provinces left the Dutch alliance and joined with the Spanish.
The Catholic provinces eventually became Belgium, while the Calvinist ones became the Netherlands.

18. The Spanish Armada (1588)
Great rivalry existed between Spain and England over control of the seas and control of new world wealth.
Relations between the two nations had not been very good for a long time.
Philip decided to attack England in an attempt to restore Catholicism to the nation in 1588.

19. Reasons for the Attack
Philip had been married to Mary I (Eng). After her death, Philip made some overtures to Elizabeth I and she refused to marry him.
Philip wanted to restore Catholicism to England.
Philip was angry that England had aided the Dutch in their fight against Spain.

20. More Reasons
Philip resented English power in the new world and resented the attacks of the English “sea dogs” on Spanish galleons.
Spain was involved in several plots against Elizabeth and finally in 1587, Mary Queen of Scots was executed.

21. The Defeat of Spain
The English decisively defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588, thus preventing any Spanish acquisition of England.
***This defeat forever weakened Spain and led to its decline in the next century.

22. The Thirty Years’ War (1618 - 1648)
Forever weakened the HRE and paved the way for French continental supremacy.
Approx. 1/3 of the population died and approx. 1/2 of the wealth of the German states was depleted.
This decimation set the stage for the long-term fragmentation of central Europe.

23. Side note==Witchcraft
Sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
More than 100,000 people prosecuted
Mostly older women accused
Religious and social turmoil to blame for the craze.
Communal living changed to economic ethic of looking out for oneself
Resulting in increase in poverty/decrease in local charity
Poor women seen as agents of the devil/scapegoats

24. And back to the wars…

25. The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) “last of the religious wars”
Background of the Holy Roman Empire
300 small principalities, city-states, etc.
Following Peace of Augsburg each prince could choose his religion. Unfortunately, Calvinists were left out.

26. Causes of the TYW
1. Religious Divisions: Protestant Union vs. the Catholic League
2. Political Divisions: Hapsburgs wanted to regain strength at the expense of Protestant princes. Princes wary of centralization
3. Outside influences: Catholic France opposed a strong HRE, even though it was also Catholic. Denmark and Sweden would support the Protestants.

27. Phases of the TYW Defenestration of Prague
1. Bohemian Phase ( ) Protestant, Frederick V of Bohemia demanded more autonomy for Bohemia from Ferdinand II (HRE)
Defenestration of Prague
Rebellion drove the Imperial forces from Bohemia
The Protestant forces were decisively defeated at the Battle of White Mountain and Frederick was deposed.
. Frederick V of the Prot. U. vs. Ferdie II of the Catholic League. Catholics win!
2. Danish Phase ( ) Christian IV of Denmark vs. Imperial armies under Albert Wallenstein--Catholics win, again. Ferdinand issues the Edict of Restitution--all lands lost to Protestants since 1552 restored. Calvinism out.

28. Phases continued
3. Swedish Phase ( )--Gustavus Adolphus defeats Wallenstein. Prevents Hapsburg unification
4. French Phase ( )--Adolphus dies in battle, the French fill the vacuum against their old enemy, the HRE
Cath. France + Prot. Sweden vs. Cath. HRE + Prot. Denmark + Cath. Spain
1645: Denmark surrendered
1648: Germans called for a truce.

29. Peace of Westphalia 1648
1. Hundreds of diplomats meet in Westphalia, even the Pope.
2. Pope is ignored, emphasizing the secularization of European politics/diplomacy.
3. Each of the 300 German states has right to conduct its own foreign policy--essentially independent.
4. Renewed the Peace of Augsburg (cuius regio, eius religio). Religion to be decided by ruler; Calvinism OK.
5. Dutch Republic’s independence and Switzerland’s neutrality accepted.
6. France and Sweden left with a little extra land.

30. Results of the TYW
1. Germany devastated--economy, farmland, population, etc. 1/3 of Germans died.
2. Mouth of the Rhine went to the Dutch, so Germany’s economic growth is further hampered.
3. Germany divided, thus weak. Won’t be united for two hundred years.
4. HRE exists in name only.
5. France emerges as the leader of the continent.

31. The Final Phase ( )
Although the German states were no longer involved as combatants in the war, Spain and France continued to war over their differences, fighting on German soil.
Both nations looted and pillaged the German lands, and the devastated Germans were helpless in stopping them.
This phase ended with the Treaty of the Pyranees.

32. THE FRENCH Civil and Religious WARS
Although France had only a small minority of Huguenots (approx. 9% in 1560), they had far more power than their numbers, because most protestants were upper middle class persons or members of the nobility.
Many of these Huguenots became Calvinist as an excuse to take a stand against the power of the Valois family.

33. Francis I and Henry II
Both of these kings were concerned about the growing Protestant minority and actively persecuted the Calvinists.
Unfortunately, Henry II died while his sons were quite young, leaving Catherine de Medici as the queen mother. Catherine had a difficult time dealing with the various political and religious factions in France and her religious policies were disastrous for the nation.

34. Political and Religious Problems in France
Three political factions were competing to control France by 1560:
Bourbons (Protestants)
Guises (Catholics)
Chatellions (Protestants)
Religious war broke out in Catherine would switch sides, for a time supporting the Protestants, then the Catholics, etc.

35. More Wars
Religious intolerance culminated in the St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre in 1572 when Coligny (Prot. advisor) and several thousand Parisian Protestants were killed.
This again ignited more warfare and led France into the “War of the Three Henry’s.”

36. The War of the Three Henry’s
In this war, England helped the Protestant forces, and Spain helped the Catholics.
King Henry III (Cath.) and Henry of Navarre (Prot.) vs. Henry Guise (Cath.)
Henry III was killed, and Henry of Navarre won a series of military victories which established him as King Henry IV and created a new ruling dynasty in France--the Bourbons.

37. King Henry IV ( )
When he took over, France was in a state of religious and political disorder, and the central government was severely weakened.
Henry rebuilt a devastated France with the help of his advisor, the Duke of Sully.
1593: Henry became Catholic (“Paris is worth a mass”).

38. Achievements of Henry IV
1598: Edict of Nantes: granted religious toleration to Protestants (1st legal recognition of Calvinism in any nation).
Catholicism was still the national religion (The religion of most Frenchmen)
Protestants could worship freely in Protestant cities and could again own property.

39. More Achievements
Strengthened the power of the monarch by weakening the power of the nobility.
Restored the bankrupt government to solvency
Began an extensive program for economic improvements--repairing and constructing roads, bridges and harbors, reclaiming marsh lands, and fostering agriculture.

40. TUDOR ENGLAND (1485 - 1603) Henry VII: (1485 - 1509) Restored peace
Forced property taxation on the nobility
Established the Court of the Star Chamber
Stopped the nobles from maintaining private armies
Renewed the economic wealth of England

41. Henry VIII (1509 - 1547) Established the Church of England
Established the 6 acts which broke the ties with the Pope but retained Catholic religious beliefs
Gave church lands to court favorites
Ended property taxation
Supported exploration
Enjoyed relative peace

42. Edward VI (1547 - 1553) Became king at age 10
Adopted Protestant beliefs for the Anglican Church and repealed the 6 acts.
Thomas Cranmer (Archbishop of Canterbury) introduced the Book of Common Prayer.

43. Mary I (1553 - 1558) “Bloody Mary”
Oldest daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon.
Raised Catholic in Spain
Married to Philip II of Spain
When she became queen, she appointed Catholic Cardinal Pole as the Archbishop of Canterbury.

44. Mary I, continued
Mary attempted to force England back into the Catholic fold.
She forced Parliament to revoke the Reformation laws and Protestant leaders and nobles were exiled and executed as heretics.

45. Elizabeth I ( )
Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn who was raised Protestant
A politique, she got Parliament to pass the 39 Articles which solved religious conflicts by allowing the Anglican church to retain Protestant teachings but use Catholic rituals.
She was opposed by radical Catholics and by the Puritans.

46. Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots
Catholic hopes centered on Mary Stuart.
After a Calvinist revolt in Scotland, Mary fled to England where she was arrested by Elizabeth.
Mary was involved in several plots against Elizabeth and was finally executed in 1587.

47. Achievements of Elizabeth I
1588: English defeat of the Spanish Armada
English renaissance
Encouraged colonial enterprises and exploration
Brought a measure of religious peace to England
1603: Died with no heirs

48. Age of Exploration Reasons
Renaissance spirit of individualism and study.
Search for spice and profits. Direct route to Asia.
Cash crops
Spread Christianity
New technology makes it possible

49. Motives for Expansion God (religion) Gold (economic interests)
Glory--strengthen the power of the nation

50. Gold--Economic Motive
1.Inspired by Marco Polo of the 13th c. and newly blocked trade routes. Explorers sought new ways to Asia.
2. Spice trade, gold, and precious commodities.

51. God--Religious Motive
1. Partly as a general desire to spread Christianity
2. Partly as a way to spread Catholicism as it raced against Protestantism.

52. New Means for Expansion
1. Creation of powerful nation-states (Portugal, Spain, Dutch, later France and England)
2. Maps--Portolani--medieval charts.
3. Ptolemy’s Geography makes a comeback.
4. Axial rudder and lateen sail.
5. Knowledge of wind patters.

54. Portuguese Empire
1. Prince Henry the Navigator’s personal interest in maritime travel gave his country a head start. Looked east to the Spice Islands.
Bartholomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope.
Vasco da Gama made it to Calcutta, India
4. Afonso Albuquerque defeats Arab traders and controls trade out of Goa, India by He takes Malacca in the Malay pen and the controls trade with the Spice Islands by 1520

55. SPANISH EXPLORATION Spain had the largest overseas empire.
Columbus: 1492: Sailed to find a water route to India but landed in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Sailed to Cuba
Three more voyages brought Spanish colonization to the Caribbean region.
Treaty of Tordesillas: 1494: Portugal and Spain agreed to give Spain all of the New World except Brazil.

56. SPANISH EXPLORATION
Ponce de Leon: 1512: Landed in Florida looking for gold and the fountain of youth--found neither.
Coronado: explored SW US
Balboa: discovered the Pacific Ocean by crossing the Isthmus of Panama
Cortes: Conquered the Aztecs in Mexico (captured Montezuma)

57. SPANISH EXPORATION Pizzaro: conquered the Incas of Peru.
Magellan: 1519: Tried to circumnavigate the globe. He was killed in the Philippines, but one of his ships made it to India and back to Spain. 3 year journey
Bartholomew de Las Cases: led missionaries to the New World and protested slavery and the poor treatment of the Indians.

58. ENGLISH EXPLORATION
John Cabot: & 1498: 2 trips to find the NW passage. Explored Newfoundland.
Drake: 1577: circumnavigated the globe and raided Spanish galleons
Raleigh: Attempted to colonize Virginia
Cook: explored Australia and New Zealand--claimed it for the British
England claimed most of the N. Am. E. Coast.

59. FRENCH EXPLORATION
Verrazano: Discovered the Hudson river & with Cartier, claimed Canada for France.
Champlain: explored the St. Lawrence Valley
LaSalle: explored the Mississippi Valley
Marquette & Joliet: explored the great lakes region
France moved into Canada, W. Indies, and Louisiana.

60. DUTCH & SWEDISH EXPLORATION
Hudson: 1609: Dutch: explored New York, Delaware, NY Bay, & Hudson River Valley. Colonization.
Tasman: discovered Australia & New Zealand. Worked for Dutch E. India Co. in the mid-1600’s
Dutch explorers took over many Portuguese colonies in the far east in the 1600’s
: Sweden claimed the lower Delaware Bay Region.

61. Expansion in Africa 1. Dutch supplanted Portuguese in the 17th c.
2. Capetown settled by Boers
3. Slave trade began in 15th c. Slaves to Europe, later to plantations in the New World--sugar cane production.
4. 10 million Africans transported by the end of the 19th c.

62. Expansion in Africa 1. Dutch supplanted Portuguese in the 17th c.
2. Capetown settled by Boers
3. Slave trade began in 15th c. Slaves to Europe, later to plantations in the New World--sugar cane production.
4. 10 million Africans transported by the end of the 19th c.

63. Triangular Trade Route
Middle Passage

64. Southeast Asia 1. Spanish in the Philippines.
2. Dutch supplanted the Portuguese in Malacca, the Moluccas and the rest of Indonesia--Dutch East India Co.
3. Mainland states resisted European influences more effectively. Why?

65. India 1. Mughal Empire established
2. English and Dutch arrived at Portuguese.
3. French had a limited presence.
4. British East India Co. achieved dominance in Calcutta after the Battle of Plassey (1757)

66. China and Japan
Qing Dynasty limited foreign influence--Canton from October to March only.
Japan kept foreigners at bay until the 1850s.
Some Catholic influence (Francis Xavier). Dutch had limited trade with Japan.

67. Americas
Spain and Portugal eclipsed by Britain, France, and the Netherlands
Plantation colonies in the Caribbean
You know the rest about the Americas.

68. Commercial Revolution
Causes:
1. New ocean trade routes--wealth supported new investment ventures
2. Pop. Growth. 70 million in 1500 to 90 million in 1600.
3. Price revolution: inflation brought by influx of gold and silver and rising demand due to larger pop.
4.Nation-centered economic systems.
Details
1. New entrepreneurs--bankers like the Medicis and Fuggers.
2. New industries such as ship-building, books, etc.

69. 3. Putting-out or cottage system
3. Putting-out or cottage system. Led to increase in cloth production, etc.
4. Joint-Stock companies--English and Dutch firms maximize profits and limit risks.
5. Mercantilism
Consequences
1. Decline in early commercial centers--Italy, etc.
2. Rise of Capitalism--private ownership; capital invested to make more capital, etc.
3. Rise of the bourgeousie of middle class--entrepreneurs.

70. Absolutism
Absolute monarchy--a form of government in which a monarch ruled without sharing power--absolute power in the hands of one person. This is new for Europe.

71. That’s right: Divine Right of Kings
Bishop Jacques Bossuet argued what in Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture?
That’s right: Divine Right of Kings
God established kings and through them reigned over all the peoples of the world.
Since they received power from God, their power was absolute.

72. Four Features of absolutism
1. Centralized political power
2. Pacified nobility
3. Increased revenue
4. New army of conscripts.
And now the examples

74. France: Foundation of Absolutism
1. Henry IV ( ) of Edict of Nantes fame, sold titles of nobility for money.
2. New “nobles of the robe” were easier to dominate than the old “nobles of the sword.”

76. France (The Era of Cardinals)
Ministers set the stage for absolutism in France--Richelieu (under Louis XIII) and Mazarin (under the young Louis XIV)
Cardinal Richelieu ( ) initiated policies that strengthened the power of the monarchy
spies eliminated threat to royal authority
Removed political and military rights of Huguenots
No more private armies
Indendants carried out orders of central gov’t instead of nobles of the sword. Weakened political but not economic power of N’s of S.
royal taxes increased
war (Thirty Years’) to confront the growing power of the Hapsburgs--always looking to weaken the rival.
put the country in debt.

77. Cardinal Mazarin (when Louis XIV was 4 years old)
Fronde revolt ( s)
Nobles resented increasing power of monarch allied with Parlement of Paris
Hoped to get rid of Mazarin and get some power of their own
Result is destabilizing/people look to a monarch to stabilize

78. Louis XIV “the Sun King” Takes the throne upon Mazarin’s death
The source of light for all of his people
The best example of Absolutism in his time
France was Omnipresent/Ubiquitous in culture, language, and diplomacy--widely imitated

79. L’etat, c’est moi

80. Centralizing Power--Pacifying Nobility
King’s residence, as well as central government is located at Versailles
Excluded nobles from key positions; further weakened them.
Louis XIV kept them busy (distracted), offering them jobs in the palace.
Gave them the illusion of being in the inner circle.
Used lower nobles (intendants) for his ministers--could expect subservience from then
He wanted to keep full control over foreign affairs, the church, and taxes--all in one place.

81. But…
He couldn’t manage to control them all--bribes used to execute king’s policies.
They could and did obstruct the king’s policies at times…so, not absolutely, absolute

82. Expenses Extravagant palaces Maintaining his court
To assure the dominance of the Bourbon dynasty.

83. Finances
J-B Colbert tried mercantilist policies, etc, but alas, it was all spent. Louis reflected “I loved war too much.”
Revenue was raised, as was economic growth, but peasants still carried the weight of the nation’s taxes.

84. Religion “One king, one law, one faith.”
Louis XIV pursued anti-Protestant policy (Edict of Fontainebleau--1685)
Destroyed Huguenot churches
Closed Protestant schools
An estimated 200,000 Huguenots left France
Some of the best and brightest went to other nations and bettered them. Bad for France.

85. The Palace of Versailles

86. Today

87. and

88. The Symbol of Absolutism
The Royal Court at Versailles was Louis personal household, government offices were there, powerful people came to find offices and favors
Intended to awe subjects and impress foreign powers.

91. Hall of Mirrors

95. Wars of Louis XIV
Goals: to expand France and become a world power at the expense of the Hapsburgs
Pursuing wars (400,000 man army)
Four wars fought between
Weaker nations joined against him in this “balance of power”

96. War of Spanish Succession
The last of Louis’s wars (a big one)
Spanish crown to Louis’s grandson
Others worry about Bourbon domination of Europe (Spain and France united together as the Grand Alliance)
11 years of war
Peace of Utrecht confirmed Philip V (Louis’s grandson) as the king of Spain.
The thrones of Spain and France would remain separate.
England got French territories in America and Gilbraltar
Spain was a mess, losing the Netherlands and its pride.

97. When Louis died, he left a mountain of debt
France was still strong

98. The Decline of Spain Golden Age
Zenith: Phillip II ( )--consolidated power as a micromanager
Economic Decline of the 17th Century
Expulsions of Jews and Moriscos=less money
Influx of gold and silver caused inflation; prices went up, so nobody wanted to buy Spanish goods; exports went down
Wars with France and the Dutch
Decline in population, ag, etc.
Political Decline: Weak leaders(Philips III and IV, Charles II) and lost wars

99. Actions of Louis XIII Disbanded the standing armies of the nobles
Destroyed the fortified castles of the nobility
Set up royal spy organizations
Crushed conspiracies with wholesale executions

100. More Actions of Louis XIII
Transferred control of the provinces to provincial officials called intendents
Crushed the political power of the Huguenots, but still allowed a small bit of religious tolerance
Joined the 30 years War on the Protestant side to weaken the Hapsburgs

101. Louis XIV ( )
Became king at age 5. Helped by Queen mother, Anne of Austria, and chief advisor, Cardinal Mazarin.
Frondes: 2 successive revolts of the nobility: crushed by Mazarin.
1659: Treaty of the Pyranees ended French involvement in the 30 years War and gave Maria Therese of Spain to Louis as his wife.

102. Policies of the “Sun King”
Divine Right Ruler (Bishop Bosseut)
Built up Versailles and was a great patron of the arts (Golden Age of France).
Used intendents to strengthen royal power and control the power of the nobility.
Desire for territorial expansion led Louis into 4 costly wars.

103. The Wars of Louis XIV
As a result of the 4 wars fought during Louis’ reign, France lost many talented generals and found its economic situation to be unsound.
War of Devolution ( ) Louis claimed the Spanish Netherlands as his wife’s unpaid dowry.
Gained a small part of it as a result of the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.

104. More Wars
War against the Dutch ( ) Louis went back to get more Dutch territory and to claim Dutch commercial interests.
Fought against the Dutch, HRE, Spain, and Prussia.
Treaty of Nimwigen: France received another small piece of the Sp. Netherlands, but lost many valuable men.

105. More Wars
War of the League of Augsburg:( ) Louis invaded Strasbourg and other Ger. border territories.
Opposed by Spain, Dutch, Sweden, HRE, and England
Stalemate: Peace of Ryswick: Louis retreated from most territories in return for peace.

106. War of Spanish Succession (1702 - 1713)
Spanish king designated Louis’ grandson Philip as the Spanish heir and Leopold Hapsburg thought his son had a stronger claim.
War broke out and Spain and France fought England, HRE, and the Dutch.
This bloody war ended in a virtual stalemate.

107. Treaty of Utrecht This treaty ended the War of Spanish Succession.
Allowed Louis’ grandson Philip to become the King of Spain (Philip V), but forbade any combining of French and Spanish holdings.
England received control of Gibraltar and part of the Asiento.
Spain’s holdings in Italy and the Neth. went to the HRE.

108. French Mercantilism
Finance minister, Colbert, was the architect of French Mercantilism. His actions included:
encouraged trade and commerce by trying to rid France of internal tariffs
tried to maintain a favorable balance of trade to offset the huge military expenses
5 great farms
industrial production standards set
wealth based on gold & silver
unsuccessfully tried to balance the budget.

109. Religious Disputes Louis’ absolutism extended to religious affairs.
Suppression of the Jansenists & the burning of Port Royal. (they favored strict morality and less papal influence)
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes: thousands of Huguenots were forced to either flee France or become Catholic
Gallican Liberties: Louis would pay papal dues, if he could appoint French bishops.

110. Absolutism in the East--17th Century

111. Three Empires in Decline
1. Holy Roman Empire
After TYW is politically divided.
Emperor has no army, revenues or power
Will be replaced by Austria and Prussia
2. Republic of Poland
Elected King limited by powerful nobles
Any action by king required unanimous approval in the Sejm
Vulnerable to outside powers
3. Ottoman Empire
Almost sacked Vienna in 1683, but didn’t. The beginning of the end.

112. Habsburg--Austrian Empire
1. Emerged after TYR
2. Centered in Vienna, expanded in the 17th century
3. Never highly centralized
4. Diverse group of ethnic groups

113. Brandenburg--Prussia
1. Centered around Berlin.
2. Hohenzollern family were hereditary leaders.
2. Frederick William the Great Elector ( )--consolidated power of separated states. (see map)
3. Large standing army.
4. Junkers traded the authority of their Estates General for more control over serfs.
5. His son became King Frederick the I and further strengthened the nation.

114. Russia and Peter the Great (1689-1725)
1. Russia was ruled by the Romanovs since 1613.
2. Centralized power
3. Table of Ranks--new, loyal nobles
4. Dominated the Boyars
5. Created large army and navy
5. Western reforms--government and public etiquette.
6. Women’s rights

115. 7. Defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War (1700-1721)--access to the Baltic
8. Westernized and modernized Russia on the backs of slave-like serfs.

116. Rise of Serfdom
Between 1500 and 1650 Serfdom actually increased in Eastern Europe as it declined in the West.
Recall Frederick William’s deal with the Junkers (1653)? Poles had it in 1574, Russians in 1649.

117. Limited Monarchy in England

118. STUART ENGLAND James I: (1603-25): ruled by divine right.
Aroused the resentment of Parliament due to his absolutism
alienated the Puritan and Catholic minorities
pursued a foreign policy friendly to Catholic Spain
repeatedly dismissed Parliament when it refused to grant his financial requests
invoked forced loans and antiquated taxes to force payment for his political, social, and economic policies.

119. Charles I ( )
Friction between parliament and Charles increased and he was forced to accept the Petition of Right in 1628.
No martial law in peacetime
no quartering of troops in private homes
no taxes without parliamentary approval
no imprisonment without a jury trial

120. War with the Scots
Charles ruled without parliament until 1640 when he was forced to ask Parl. for money to fight a war with Scotland.
Charles had tried to force Anglican services on Scotland
The dominantly Puritan English Parliament demanded an end to the religious & political policies of Charles & was dismissed after 3 weeks (Short Parliament)

121. Results of the War
Without enough money to equip his troops properly, Charles’ army soon lost the war to Scotland.
Charles was forced to pay large indemnities to Scotland and had to call Parliament to again ask for money.
The “long parliament” gave him money in return for more power, but a divided parliament soon looked weak to Charles, and civil war broke out.

122. The Civil War ( )
Parliament was somewhat split on how much the king’s authority should be curbed.
Charles used this division to attempt to reassert his control.
Charles attempted to arrest 5 members of Parliament, but he failed and civil war resulted.

123. The Civil War
Cavaliers were wealthy trading and land-owning classes who supported the king.
Roundheads were generally Puritans and members of the middle class who opposed the king.
Only a very small percent of the English population actually took part in the war.

124. Phase one ( )
With the aid of the Scots and an efficient military organization (the new model army) commanded by Oliver Cromwell, Parliament’s forces were victorious.
A split soon occurred in Parliament between those who wanted the restoration of a very limited monarchy and those who wanted a Puritan theocracy.

125. Civil War: Phase Two
Another civil war broke out from over what type of government should be established.
Cromwell’s “Independent” party won due to his control of the army.
Cromwell gained control of Parliament and expelled the less radical members.
The remaining members were known as the “Rump Parliament and were controlled by the army.

126. England Under Cromwell
Parliament did the following things:
Voted to execute Charles I in 1649
Declared England a “Commonwealth”
Friction developed between Cromwell & Parliament and he disbanded it in 1653.
1653: Cromwell declares England to be a Protectorate with him as “Lord Protector.”
He ruled with a council of state.

127. Cromwell, continued
A new parliament was elected, but its power was greatly reduced--England was essentially a military dictatorship.
Cromwell ruled until he died in He did the following:
Advanced English trade
Compelled Ireland and Scotland to recognize him
Increased England’s power abroad.
Parliament overthrew his son in 1660.

128. Charles II ( )
Parliament invited Charles to rule England in the restoration of He agreed to abide by Parliamentary controls on taxes and to call Parliament into session regularly.
The “Cavalier Parliament” passed a series of laws which suppressed the religious freedom of Catholics and Puritans.

129. Policies of Charles II
Treaty of Dover: 1670: Secret treaty in which Charles received a subsidy from Louis XIV in return for vague religious promises.
Declaration of Indulgence: 1672: exempted religious dissenters from punishment under Parliament’s laws.
These actions angered the parliament.

130. Parliament
1673: Test Act: Passed by parliament, it excluded all Catholics from public office.
Parliament was divided into two factions, the whigs & the tories, but both feared the extension of royal power.
Whigs wanted a new Constitutional monarchy under a Protestant king
Tories supported the king but feared the restoration of Catholicism.

131. James II ( )
Charles’ brother James took over when Charles died in 1685.
James established a standing army and special courts to try those suspected of rebellion.
James’ wife gave birth to a son in 1688 and he was baptized Catholic. This created a Catholic heir to the throne.

132. The Glorious Revolution
Whig & Tory leaders invited James’ daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange to rule England.
When their forces landed in England, James fled to France
William & Mary accepted the Bill of Rights in 1689 which limited the power of the monarchy.

133. William & Mary (1688-1714) The 1689 Bill of Rights included:
No standing armies or taxes without the consent of Parliament
Regular sessions of Parliament
Freedom of Speech in Parliament
King could not suspend the laws
Trial by jury & “no excessive bail”
1689: Toleration Act: freedom of worship for all Protestant sects.

134. The Dutch Republic
Secured de facto independence from Spain by the late 1500’s. This was made official in 1648.
Golden Age of the Dutch Republic: early 1600’s due to political stability, economic prosperity, and cultural achievements.

135. The Scientific Revolution
Galileo: improved the telescope, made astronomical observations, & experimented with falling bodies. (Under house arrest)
Newton: universal laws of motion, optics, calculus (Principia Mathematica)
Descartes: analytic geometry, induction, rationalist “I think, therefore, I am.”
Harvey: circulation of blood

136. Science, continued
Kepler: mathematical demonstration of elliptical orbits (built on Copernican theory)
Bacon: Inductive method, required empirical proof of hypotheses (Novum Organum)
Leeuwenhok: invented the microscope
Liebnitz: developed calculus independent of Newton; optimistic philosopher
Clockwork Universe model became popular.

137. Scientific Revolution: 1550-1750

138. What was it?
1. A time of major change in Europe, in which people made decisions based on careful observation, and they questioned old ideas.

139. Why did it happen when it did?
1. Church was challenged in Reformation. People were open to question old ideas.
2. Renaissance emphasis on Greeks (Plato and others) revealed contradictions with Aristotle (darling of the medieval church) and others already challenged in the Reformation.
3. Also, emphasis on math and science in desire to imitate nature.

140. Changes in ideas of the Universe

141. Old View--Geocentric
1. Earth was motionless and at the center of the universe.
2. 10 transparent spheres; heaven after the 10th.
2. Different physical laws applied to the earth and outer space.
3. Aristotle and Ptolemy both supported this theory.
4. Fits with church belief that God made the earth as a special place for mankind.

142. Ptolemaic universe

143. Then there was a Revolution

144. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
1. Polish clergyman and astronomer.
2. Published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies--challenged geocentric view just before he died.
3. Still accepted Aristotle’s concept of spheres.

145. Tycho Brahe ( )
1. Dane who studied extensively the stars on his own island.
(had part of his nose cut off in a swordfight--just found this out)
2. Doubted Ptolemy but couldn’t accept Copernicus.
3. Eventually moved to Prague and took on an apprentice named…

146. Johannes Kepler ( )
1. Took Copernicus’s ideas from logic to observation.
2. Used Brahe’s data on planetary motion to determine three laws of planetary motion
1. orbits are elliptical, not circular
2. Planets move more rapidly as they approach the sun (against Aristotle and Copernicus here).
3. Time a planet takes to orbit the sun varies based on distance from the sun. (earth 365 days, mercury 88)
But what kept planets in their orbits? Why didn’t they crash into the sun?

147. Galileo Galilei ( )
1. Italian scientist who used controlled experiments to formulate laws of motion and inertia that were expressed in math formulas.
2. One of the first to use a telescope. Heavenly bodies weren’t perfect!--craters, sun spots, four moons around Jupiter, etc.
3. Supported Heliocentric view.
4. Pope Urban VII forced him to recant.

148. Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina of Tuscany (1615
Written to address the conflict between the Bible and heliocentric theory
Argued that the Bible must be interpreted in light of scientific knowledge
Argued for a non-literal interpretation of the Bible
Galileo declared the Bible teaches how to go to heaven, not how the heavens go
The letter began Galileo’s troubles with the Catholic Church

149. Starry Messenger 1610
Revealed the flaws of the heavenly bodies: craters, sun spots, extra moons, etc.

150. Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems (1632)
This book showed his true acceptance of the heliocentric view of the universe. He was called to the Inquisition and forced to recant.
Science, as preached by Galileo, became a threat, and scientists looked to Protestant countries to study, publish and work, to the benefit of Northern Europe

151. 1. Galileo made two contributions to the problem of motion
1. Objects move at accelerated speed if a uniform force is applied
2. Principle of inertia--a body in motion continues forever unless deflected by something else.
But why were there changes in motion?

152. Isaac Newton--Mathematical Principals of Natural Philosophy
1. Principia combined Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, Galileo’s laws of inertia and falling bodies, and Newton’s own idea of gravitation.
2. Described earthly and heavenly motion

153. 1. Universe was created by God and governed by laws that we could discover
2. Law of universal of gravitation--All objects are attracted to each other.
1. Every object continues in a sate of rest or motion unless deflected
2. The rate of change of motion of an object is proportional to the force acting on it.
3. To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Newton’s Universe

154. Ike’s other contributions
Calculus (mathematical means of calculating rates of change), along with Gottfried Leibniz
Composition of light
Universal gravitation
The universe was one huge regulated, uniform machine that operated in absolute time, space and motion

155. The medieval picture of the universe as closed, earthbound and earth-centered was replaced by a universe seen to be infinite and governed by universal laws.
But what of God’s role? For Newton, this, “can be the effect of nothing else than the wisdom and skill of a powerful, ever-living agent.”

156. Newton disproved once and for all Aristotle’s idea that two different laws governed the earth and the heavens.

157. Scientific Revolution
With all these breakthroughs in science, people started to realize that we could learn more about ourselves and our universe through study and reasoning, rather than by simply relying on past ideas. This was the “revolution” in thinking. With this revolution came a new method of figuring things out, the…

158. Scientific Method--procedure for gathering and testing ideas.

159. Characteristics of the Scientific Method
1. Belief in regular patterns in nature
2. Use of controlled experiments
3. Search for mathematical formulas to explain nature.

160. There are two basic schools of discovery and thought
1. The Empiricists use Inductive Reasoning: Discovering/observing physical information and data and arriving at a general conclusion.
2. Rationalists. Used logic and thinking to arrive at conclusions using deductive reasoning: moving from general ideas to more specific conclusions

161. Which is deductive and which is inductive?
1. Mr. Gnass is mortal
2. Socrates is mortal.
3. Charles I was definitely mortal
Therefore:
Yep, sorry folks, but all humans are mortal.
1. All men are mortal.
2. Mr. Gnass is a man
Therefore:
Yep, Mr. Gnass is mortal.

162. Fun!!!!!!!!!
Now let’s guess who was a rationalist and who was an empiricist!!
I never thought history could be so fun!

163. Sir Francis Bacon ( )
1. Father of the scientific method that you use in…science; urged people to experiment.
2. Advocated the ______ method (moving from specific data to general conclusions).
3.Controlled experimentation could lead to the formulation of universal principles of science.

164. Rene Descartes ( )
1. Used logic and thinking rather than experimentation to come up with new ideas. Used a method of reasoning (going from the general to the specific).
2. Began by doubting all notions based on authority or custom (even his own existence). Started with a self-evident axiom or truth and used logical reasoning
“cogito ergo sum”

165. What’s this? Cartesian dualism-- Mind and body split.
The mind is a res cogitans (thinking thing).

166. Who’s the rationalist and who’s the empiricist?

167. Importance of the Scientific Revolution
1. Unheard of confidence in the ability of the human mind.
2. Old ideas were out, as was unquestioned obedience to church thinking. Old institutions/ideas could be questioned.
3. God resembled a masterful clock maker. His laws were ours to understand
4. The belief in progress through scientific discovery was born!

168. Beginning of the Enlightenment
1. As people began to figure things out in the world, they also began to think of the limitless potential of humans and new ideas of government. All this would continue to take place in the Enlightenment.

169. Art Movements
G o t h i c Renaissance B a r o q u e
Mannerism Rococo
Mannerist Art from
painted in the manner of the Renaissance artists, but exaggerated things (response to turmoil of the Reformation and after.

170. El Greco*, Assumption of the Virgin, 1577-6
color
texture of clothing

171. Parmigianino, Madonna with Long Neck, 1534-40 human body

172. El Greco--Laocoon

173. barroco = pearl (Portuguese)
Art Movements
G o t h i c Renaissance B a r o q u e
Mannerism Rococo
Baroque Art from
barroco = pearl (Portuguese)

174. Baroque Art
The desire to evoke emotional states by appealing to the senses, often in dramatic ways, underlies Baroque Art.
Catholic influence: Classic themes/ideas and spiritual feelings of the Catholic Reformation.
Characteristics include grandeur, sensuous richness, drama, vitality, movement, tension, emotional exuberance, and often a natural background.

175. barroco = pearl (Portuguese)
Art Movements
G o t h i c Renaissance B a r o q u e
Mannerism Rococo
Baroque Art from
barroco = pearl (Portuguese)

176. Peter P aul Rubens*, Adoration of the Magi, 1624
after Council of Trent (1545), Church pushes toward more emotion in religious art

177. Peter Paul Rubens*, Adoration of the Magi, 1624
after Council of Trent (1545), Church pushes toward more emotion in religious art

178. Rubens, Landing of Marie de’Medici at Marseilles, 1622-6
powerful monarchs admire the show of wealth
4x3 meters
Style embraced by great dynasties (Habsburgs)

179. Rubens, Prometheus Bound, 1611-12 emphasis on motion

180. *Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Ecstasy of St. Teresa, 1647-52*
movement
theatrics and emotion
gilded raises behind statue

181. Thorne of St. Peter--Bernini

185. Church of Gesu--first Baroque façade

186. Chapel at Versailles

187. Dutch Realism--realistic portrayal of secular life--funded by the new capitalists

188. Rembrandt van Rijn--

189. Judith Leyster, Self-Portrait

190. Economic Expansion and Social Change

191. Population growth 1. 120 million in 1700; 190 mill by 1790.Why?
Decline in death rate due to increase in food; 1750 farmers grew 50% more than they needed.
End of the plague
More women getting married

192. Family, marriage, birthrate patterns
1. Initially less breastfeeding among the wealthy
2. Then kids were viewed as special, childhood that is: jigsaw puzzles, toys, etc.
3. Primogeniture questioned
4. Infanticide challenged (Austria anti-kids-in-bed-law Enlightened?)
5. Rise in foundling houses
6. Married later, but more illegitimate births;
Birth control used, etc.
Family, marriage, birthrate patterns

193. Compare--early 18th century and early 21st century kids

194. Agricultural Revolution
1. Shift in the way farming was done; from small to large scale.
2. Really happened only in England at this time.
3. Four main reasons:
More farmland used
Increased yield per acre
Healthier livestock
Improved climate (warming)
Check it out:

195. Agricultural Revolution
1. Changes in farming occurred:
A. With crop rotation methods, more food was grown. Fields depleted of nutrients by one crop were replenished by planting another crop.

196. B. The seed drill, invented by Jethro Tull, made it easier to plant crops, thus more food was grown
1. New crops such as alfalfa, corn, potatoes and turnips could feed more people.

197. 2. All these changes worked best on large farms
2. All these changes worked best on large farms. Additionally, landlords wanted to raise sheep to sell their wool.
Therefore they began the enclosure movement: rich landowners kicked peasants off the land so they could raise sheep for wool and use large-scale farming methods.
Results: the population got bigger, but people didn’t need to farm. They could work somewhere else. Where?

200. Changes in Finance
1. Banks, such as the Bank of England (1694) began issuing paper currency. This put more money in circulation.
2. Governments now borrowed from banks and sold bonds backed by banks. The idea of a national, rather than a monarchical, debt emerged.
3. Paper currency now circulated along with gold and silver currency.

201. The Cottage Industry (AKA “putting out” or “domestic” system
75% of Britains exports were woolen -based textiles. How were they made?
1. A merchant would pay people to make something (for example, shirts), one step at a time.
2. Wool would go to a spinner to be made into thread. He would then take the thread to a weaver to make it into cloth. Then he would take the cloth to someone else to dye (give it color) it.
3. This all happened in people’s cottages (their houses), so it’s called the cottage industry.

202. 4. The merchant made a lot of money, which he could invest later
4. The merchant made a lot of money, which he could invest later. How could he make more money?
Effects:
Big profits for new class of merchants.
Alternative source of income for poor peasants.

205. Textile Industry and the Factory System
1. The cottages couldn’t keep up with the demand for textiles (things made of cloth).
NEW INVENTIONS
2. The spinning Jenny, water frame and the spinning mule improved spinning (making thread).

206. The Spinning Jenny

207. The Water Frame (invented by Richard Arkwright)

208. 3. The Power Loom, invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785, improved the weaving process.
4. The cotton gin separated seeds from cotton, thus more cotton could be grown.
5. The big machines (power loom and spinning mule ) couldn’t fit in houses, so they were put in big buildings: factories.

209. 6. Factories made things faster and cheaper than people could in their own cottages.
7. Thus many people had to leave their cottages and work in the factories. In 1815 there were 250,000 cottage weavers; in 1860 there were 3,000.
8. Peasants from the country also moved to the cities to work in factories.

211. Worldwide Trade
1. Mercantilist appreciation of overseas economies led to a dramatic increase in global trade.
2. The economy became of a global size.
Part of the reason that Western Europe fared so much better than Eastern Europe.