1. - Worth up to 5 points added to high grade of test 1 & 2;
Extra Credit: Name two positive and two negative aspects of civilization in worldwide terms or in relation to one or a few of the cases we’ve discussed and what is the relevance of archaeology to today’s issues?
- Worth up to 5 points added to high grade of test 1 & 2;
- 500 words maximum
Briefly state how many absences and why you deserve extra-credit
Due: Tuesday (05/01)
Some possible themes:
- Long-term change of human groups, including dynamics of humans-environment (ecological/climate change and disaster);
Culture & Civilization as adaptations to environment, demography and other factors, rather than simply achievements of only some people;
Archaeology defines what constitutes civilization and provides novel instances of human achievements;
Understanding and valorizing cultural diversity

2. ANDEAN CIVILIZATION

3. high elevations of the Andes, such
Andean peoples, like the Inca,
developed both cultural and
biological adaptations to the
high elevations of the Andes, such
as terraced agriculture, irrigation,
heightened lung capacity,
greater amounts of
red-blood cells, and chewing coca
with quinoa, to deal with fatique
Andean peoples, like the Inca, developed both cultural and biological adaptations to the
high elevations of the Andes, such
as heightened lung capacity, greater amounts of
red-blood cells, larger heart .
Terraced and irrigation agriculture, specialized crops, drought resistance, coca chewing to reduce fatigue and metabolize carbohydrates, providing greater energy

4. Chronology of Central Andes
Late Preceramic: 3000 to 1800 BC
Initial (ceramic) Period: 1800 to 400 BC
Three Horizon and Two Intermediate Periods
Early Horizon (Integration): 400 to 200 BC
Early Intermediate (Regionalism): 200 BC to AD 650
Middle Horizon (Integration): AD
Late Intermediate (Regionalism): AD
Late Horizon (Inka; integration): AD

5. Late Preceramic
“The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization” (Moseley 1975): “Maritime Hypothesis”
Rich marine resources provided basis
for early settled communities
and complex societies, such as
Caral, Aspero, and El Paraiso,
On Peru’s desert coast
- Ample evidence of
Industrial crops (cotton,
Gourds, reeds) but less
Evidence of food crops
- Also, El Nino (natural
disaster) and drought

6. Caral
The first urban center in the Americas, covers 66 ha (163 acres); by 2400 BC it was the capital of a regional polity in the Supe River, with various temple structures facing a central plaza, the largest of which, the “Piramide Mayor” was 160x150 m (525x492 ft) and 18 m (59 ft) high.

7. Caral’s Amphitheater

8. El Paraiso

9. Aspero, with six substantial platforms
up to 8 m (18ft) high, surrounded by
15 ha (37 acres) of deep refuse.
Uppermost levels of two platforms
date to ca BC
Late Preceramic U-shaped

10. U-shaped temple Sunken circular Courts/plazas
Initial Period ceremonial complex at
Sechin Alto, includes the largest monument in the
Americas for this time (1800 BC)
After a millennium of agricultural expansion, several
centuries of drought was an important factor in the
abandonment of these centers, after 800 BC
U-shaped temple
Sunken circular
Courts/plazas

11. ample evidence of warfare
Cerro Sechin
Temple shows
ample evidence of warfare

12. Chankillo, ca, 400 BC

13. Early Horizon
Chavín de Huantar

14. sunken circular courtyard U-shaped plaza with
The main complex of masonry buildings, called the Castillo, composed of (a) New Temple and (c) Old Temple
U-shaped plaza and
sunken circular courtyard
U-shaped plaza with
sunken circular courtyard
The “Lanzon” in the subterranean
Gallery (b)

15. spread throughout much of Central Andes in the Early
The “Staff
God”
Chavin art and
iconography, the
Chavin “cult,”
spread throughout much of Central Andes in the Early
Horizon, although uncertain degree of political and economic
integration

16. Early Intermediate Period:
Gallinazo Culture in northern Peru, notable for
platform mounds and extensive irrigation in coastal river valleys
Gallinazo Group, vast sprawl of collapsed adobe brick
buildings, estimated to contain some 30,000 rooms and compartments

17. The Moche of
northern coastal Peru

18. Extremely elaborate art and iconography that provides
Painted murals
from the Huaca del Luna
Extremely elaborate art and
iconography that provides
details on diverse aspects of
Moche culture

19. Moche rulers lived in opulent residences
atop the Huaca del Sol, which measured 340 x 160 m
(1115 x 525 ft) and over 40 m (130 ft), one of the largest
mounds ever constructed in South America
Adobe bricks used in construction of the Huaca del Sol
had “makers marks” that identified
communities of corvée laborers

20. Painted murals at El Brujo
Marching prisoners

21. The “Presentation Theme”
Moche ideological themes expressed in iconography include battle between
supernatural beings, death and burial of a king, and teams of kuraka (elite) warriors
'blackened residue' in a Moche goblet
was human blood
(Bourget and Newman, 1998)

22. Moche elite (kuraka) burial at Sipán

23. Moche semi-divine warrior king Throughout Andean civilization,
kuraka class ruled as divine
intermediaries between heaven
and earth
A massive El Nino flood and drought between
AD diminished the power and integration of the Moche state, which disappeared ca. AD

24. The Nazca polity (south coast) was relatively small in population, but produced ‘geoglyphs,’ which have caused wild speculation, and include >1000 km of straight lines, >300 geometric figures, and dozens of animal figures

25. MIDDLE HORIZON: WARI & TIWANAKU

26. Tiwanaku

27. staff-god (similar to Early Horizon
The Gateway of the Sun
at Tiwanaku; with
staff-god (similar to Early Horizon
Chavin deity), cut from
a single block of stone

28. undermined after ca. AD 1050, after several
Ruling kuraka at Tiwanaku stressed
imposing temple mounds, gateways, and
stelae, which were eschewed by their
northern Wari neighbors, although Wari
came to adopt Tiwanaku pantheon
Faith in both religion
and government was
undermined after ca. AD 1050, after several
centuries of drier
climate (drought)

29. Contact and interaction between upland Wari center of Cerro Baul and
mid-valley Tiwanaku center of Omo
in the Moquequa valley

30. Reed boat in Lake Titicaca

31. LATE INTERMEDIATE: CHIMOR
Rectangular compounds, or ciudadelas, at Chan Chan,
capital city of the Chimor empire, the second largest empire in pre-Columbian Americas,
which was subjugated by Inca ca. 1470

32. Chimor's paramount rulers, who probably ruled as god-kings,
lived in enormous enclosures called ciudadelas and held court
in rooms called audiencias  

33. LATE HORIZON: INCA At the time of European contact, the whole
Andean area was under the control
of the Inca empire
The Inca traced their foundation to a
venerated ancestor named Manco Capac, but
the expansion of the Inca empire was initiated
by Pachacuti, the seventh potentate, and his son
and grandson
The Inca empire or “Land of the Four
Quarters” (Tawantinsuyu) had four
major geographical territories, known as suyu,
composed of 80 political provinces. 
It was linguistically diverse, but used
a lingua franca called Runa Simi (Quechua). 

34. in the shape of a Puma. It was dominated by the temple-fortress of
Sacsahuaman
The capital city of Cuzco, the navel of the universe, may have been constructed
in the shape of a Puma. It was dominated by the temple-fortress of
Sacsahuaman and the residences of royal lineages (kanchas),
the most opulent of which was the Coricancha, with
a gold-bedecked “House of the Sun” and silver adorned temple of the moon

35. Sacsahuaman, fort-like temple crowning the heights of the imperial capital;
made by a rotating force of 20,000 corvée laborers over several decades

36. The ceque system

37. Inca writing: the khipu

38. of thoroughfares and trunk lines
30,000 to 40,000 km (18,600-24,800 miles)
of thoroughfares and trunk lines

39. Inca road
Machu Picchu

40. Inca
bridges
Inca tunnel

41. Inca political economy depended on agricultural taxation, textile tribute, work draft (corvée labor) and required tribute from both men and women

42. Machu Picchu, the Versailles-like rural palace and estate
made by the emperor Pachacuti, was rediscovered by
American archaeologist Hiram Bingham in 1911

43. The Inca emperor was decimated by a smallpox pandemic in the 1520s,
which triggered a seven-year civil war
between rival claimants to the throne.
As Atahualpa marched south to claim Cuzco,
he was intercepted, kidnapped,
ransomed, and killed by Francisco
Pizarro’s forces.