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Punic Wars Carthage v. Rome 264 – 146 BC.

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1 Punic Wars Carthage v. Rome 264 – 146 BC

2 Punic Wars Roman Military All citizens required to serve
Roman citizens usually made good soldiers valued loyalty, courage, respect for authority. Courage in the field = Loyalty to Rome 2 keys to Military success Organization & fighting skill ordered troops fight more effectively most troops rushed wildly at the enemy, relying on numbers, better soldiers, or luck Can’t always rely on these factors, Romans turned to strategy. Each situation was handled differently, taking into account terrain, strengths of enemy, strengths of Roman troops.

3 Punic Wars The Roman Legion- military unit of 5,000 infantry (foot soldiers) supported by cavalry (horseback)

4 Punic Wars Roman Military Weaponry Formations Tactics Terrain
shields to both repel and break through enemy lines short swords (Gladius) superior in close quarters Formations The Tortoise- repel missiles Wedge- break through enemy lines Repel Cavalry- wall of shields and spears The Orb- Defensive, used in dire situations Tactics Use cavalry on outside Avoid getting outflanked Press forward when enemy retreats Terrain Higher ground Sun and Wind behind soldiers Blind & disorient enemy aid missiles

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6 Punic Wars If a unit fled during battle 1 out of 10 soldiers in the legion were put to death. Roman Decimation 10 soldiers draw lots, loser is killed by other 9 Remaining 9 forced to eat barley and camp outside of fortifications for a few days

7 Punic Wars Roman Expansion By 265 BC Rome controls Italian peninsula
Treatment of Conquered: forge alliances offer citizenship granted privileges keep customs, money, and local governments had to pay taxes loyal to Rome supplied Roman army with troops. Roman soldiers stationed throughout the land Roads built to link territories to Rome. Latin emerges as the spoken language By 265 BC Rome controls Italian peninsula

8 The Punic Wars Carthage founded as Phoenician colony 500 years earlier
Dispute over control of Sicily and trade routes in the western Mediterranean brought Rome into conflict with the powerful North African city-state of Carthage Result was the three Punic Wars BC The Punic Wars BC

9 Punic Wars Carthage Northern Coast of Africa, Republic
Trading Empire, Naval Power Growing power in the Mediterranean Key Military Figure: Hamilcar Barca ( BC)

10 The First Punic War 264-241 BC Sicily Partially controlled by Carthage
Independent Greek City-State of Syracuse Rome enters conflict to stop Carthaginian growth Syracuse becomes Roman ally Carthage sends land force to face Romans

11 The First Punic War BC First Punic War (Land power v.s. Sea power) Primarily Naval Battle Carthage Large Navy, experienced Quinquereme- 5 sets of rower (300), 420 total crew Romans reverse-engineered them from scrap Routinely beat smaller, inexperienced Roman Navy Tactics- Out maneuver, ram, and sink enemy ships Bay of Salimas, Greeks v. Persians

12 The First Punic War 264-241 BC Corvus
Roman ships would pull up beside enemy ships Drop bridge with spike & soldiers board and attack Some debate if this actually existed Romans made tactical adjustment- fought to strength Naval battles turned into mini-land battles

13 The First Punic War 264-241 BC Outcomes Both sides win battles
Rome keeps rebuilding forces, spending money Carthage Loses sues for peace loses control of various Islands, including Sicily returns all POWs, had to pay for theirs Naval dominance gone Rome Wins First major expansion beyond Peninsula Demonstrated their ability to beat main rival Improved Naval force

14 The Second Punic War 218-201 BC
Second Punic War- Hannibalic War

15 The Second Punic War 218-201 BC
Hannibal Barca /83 BC Son of Hamilcar leading commander in First Punic War Hannibal groomed to lead Military took oath to always fight Rome Raised in Spain, left Carthage at age 9 Father killed/ dies in battle Eventually assumes control of army Compared to Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, & Scipio Africanus as greatest military generals of all time

16 The Second Punic War 218-201 BC
Second Punic War- Hannibalic War Hannibal attempts to provoke Rome in Saguntum (Spain) Crosses the Rhone River Plans to enter Rome from North through the Alps to catch them off guard. faces Terrain, Weather, Tribes roughly 16 days to cross soldiers enter, survive, but battled tested 37 War Elephants, few survived

17 The Second Punic War 218-201 BC
Hannibal moves into Po River Valley, North Italy Battle of Trebia 1st major battle in Italy Roman forces routed, mass casualties Provoke Romans, Draw them across Trebia River Force Roman cavalry from the field Spring ambush with hidden force sweeping behind them Encircle and slaughter Gauls hate Rome, switch sides

18 The Second Punic War 218-201 BC
Second Punic War- Hannibalic War

19 The Second Punic War 218-201 BC
Battle of Cannae

20 The Second Punic War 218-201 BC
Battle of Cannae Hannibal defeating Romans throughout Peninsula Fabian Strategy- Rome avoids direct battle Not Popular, many felt it was delaying the real battle Return to more aggressive approach Hannibal wants to cut off supply to city Rome calls largest force ever assembled Rome Legions are encircled & slaughtered dead Entire family lines lost City of Rome terrified Allies switching sides

21 The Second Punic War 218-201 BC
Battle of Cannae City of Rome waiting for attack, weakened Hannibal decides against siege Forces improved by defection doesn’t think he has the numbers (3 to 1) Hannibal wants to make a deal, sends envoy to Rome Rome fears peace terms would show weakness Rome says NO- Victory or Destruction Despite Victories, Hannibal is not accomplishing goals Unable to break Rome, gain allies & territories Carthage Government unwilling to send reinforcements Hannibal is left isolated in Italy

22 The Second Punic War 218-201 BC
Scipio Africanus BC Son of Roman General Considered great Military commander Survived Cannae Named General in mid-20’s Roman forces rebuilt All allies want to fight back Offer citizenship to slaves, non-citizens that join military, boys trained Scipio takes the fight to Carthage- Spain & North Africa Wins multiple battles, Carthage to sue for peace Instead recall Hannibal from Italy Oath to protect Carthage/ defeat Rome- he comes home

23 The Second Punic War 218-201 BC
Second Punic War- Hannibalic War

24 The Second Punic War 218-201 BC
Battle of Zama Hannibal returns, Carthage preps for War Hannibal’s forces spent, not what they use to be Reinforcements from home, including 80 War Elephants Planned to have elephant charge break Legions, then attack with cavalry and infantry Scipio formed soldiers into columns, uses trumpets to disoriented elephants Elephants either stampede own forces or move down “isles” between soldiers- damage own Cavalry Romans spread out to match length of Hannibal’s forces Bloody battle, no real winner until… Roman cavalry return to field and encircle foe Called “Roman Cannae”

25 The Second Punic War 218-201 BC
Outcome Hannibal survives, convinces Carthage to ask for peace Government agrees Rome takes control of Spain and North Africa Hannibal continues to fight, supports whoever rallies against Rome Mercenary/ Military mind for hire Constantly on the run Rome wants to capture their greatest enemy. "Hannibal ante portas" ("Hannibal is at the gates!") Home in Spain gone, Carthage Government willing to turn him over Roman forces closing in, Hannibal poisons himself to avoid humiliation/capture

26 Why? The Third Punic War 149-146 BC
Carthage finished after Second Punic War economy shattered lost all territory to Rome Romans feared revival used break in treaty to attack Carthage Rome wins easily Carthage population sold into slavery City burned site sown with salt so that nothing would ever grow there again Carthage completely disappeared Not normal approach for defeated enemies Why?

27 EXPANSION OF ROME Rome now the dominant power in Mediterranean

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