1. Mendel & the gene idea Fig. 14-1
Figure 14.1 What principles of inheritance did Gregor Mendel discover by breeding garden pea plants?

2. #1. Overview: Drawing from the Deck of Genes
What genetic principles account for the passing of traits from parents to offspring?
The _________ hypothesis is the idea that genetic material from the two parents blends together (like blue and yellow paint blend to make green)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

3. #2
Mendel chose to track only those characters that varied in an either-or manner
He also used varieties that were true-breeding (plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

4. #3
In a typical experiment, Mendel mated two contrasting, true-breeding varieties, a process called hybridization
The true-breeding parents are the ______ generation
The hybrid offspring of the P generation are called the ______ generation
When F1 individuals self-pollinate, the ______ generation is produced
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

5. #4 Principle of Dominance
Figure 14.4 Alleles, alternative versions of a gene
B. (position of
the gene) C.

6. #5. Law of ????? P Generation Appearance: Purple flowers White flowers
Fig
P Generation
Appearance:
Purple flowers
White flowers
Genetic makeup: PP pp
Gametes: P p
F1 Generation
Appearance:
#5. Law of ?????
Purple flowers
Figure 14.5 Mendel’s law of segregation
Genetic makeup: Pp
Gametes:
1/2 P
1/2 p
Sperm
F2 Generation P p P PP Pp
Eggs p Pp pp 3 1

7. #6. Useful Genetic Vocabulary
An organism with two identical alleles for a character is said to be ____________for the gene controlling that character
An organism that has two different alleles for a gene is said to be _____________for the gene controlling that character
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

8. #7
Because of the different effects of dominant and recessive alleles, an organism’s traits do not always reveal its genetic composition
Therefore, we distinguish between an organism’s__________, or physical appearance, and its _________, or genetic makeup
In the example of flower color in pea plants, PP and Pp plants have the same ________ but different __________
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

9. #8. TECHNIQUE RESULTS Dominant phenotype, unknown genotype: PP or Pp?
Fig. 14-7
#8. TECHNIQUE 
Dominant phenotype,
unknown genotype:
PP or Pp?
Recessive phenotype,
known genotype: pp
Predictions
If PP
If Pp or
Sperm
Sperm
Figure 14.7 The testcross p p p p P P Pp Pp Pp Pp
Eggs
Eggs P p Pp Pp pp pp
RESULTS or
All offspring purple
1/2 offspring purple and
1/2 offspring white

10. But what happened when 2 traits were observed?#9
Mendel derived the law of segregation by following a single character
The F1 offspring produced in this cross were individuals that are heterozygous for one character
A cross between such heterozygotes is called a ______________ cross
But what happened when 2 traits were observed?
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

11. #10. EXPERIMENT RESULTS Fig. 14-8 P Generation F1 Generation
YYRR
yyrr
Gametes YR  yr
#10.
F1 Generation
YyRr
Hypothesis of
dependent
assortment
Hypothesis of
independent
assortment
Predictions
Sperm or
Predicted
offspring of
F2 generation
1/4 YR
1/4 Yr
1/4 yR
1/4 yr
Sperm
Figure 14.8 Do the alleles for one character assort into gametes dependently or independently of the alleles for a different character?
1/2 YR
1/2 yr
1/4 YR
YYRR
YYRr
YyRR
YyRr
1/2 YR
YYRR
YyRr
1/4 Yr
Eggs
YYRr
YYrr
YyRr
Yyrr
Eggs
1/2 yr
YyRr
yyrr
1/4 yR
YyRR
YyRr
yyRR
yyRr
3/4
1/4
1/4 yr
Phenotypic ratio 3:1
YyRr
Yyrr
yyRr
yyrr
9/16
3/16
3/16
1/16
Phenotypic ratio 9:3:3:1
RESULTS
315
108
101 32
Phenotypic ratio approximately 9:3:3:1

12. #11. Degrees of Dominance
In_____________, the phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties
In_____________ two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

13. #12
pingrybiology.pbwiki.com
Inherited bleeding disorder in which blood doesn’t clot normally. People may bleed for a longer time than others after an injury. Individuals with the disorder may bleed internally, especially in knees, ankles, and elbows. This bleeding can damage organs or tissues and, sometimes, be fatal.

14. #13

15. #14

16. #15

17. #16 1st generation (grandparents) Ff Ff ff Ff 2nd generation
Fig c
1st generation
(grandparents) Ff Ff ff Ff
2nd generation
(parents, aunts,
and uncles) FF or Ff ff ff Ff Ff ff
3rd generation
(two sisters)
Figure 14.15b Pedigree analysis ff FF or Ff
#16
Attached earlobe
Free earlobe
(b) Is an attached earlobe a dominant or recessive trait?

18. #17 The Behavior of Recessive Alleles
Recessively inherited disorders show up only in individuals homozygous for the allele
_________are heterozygous individuals who carry the recessive allele but are phenotypically normal (i.e., pigmented)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

19. #18

20. #19 Sex-linked genes follow specific patterns of inheritance
For a recessive sex-linked trait to be expressed
A. A female needs _______copies of the allele
B. A male needs ______copy of the allele
Sex-linked recessive disorders are much more common in males than in females
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

21. #20 Red blood cell appearance Phenotype (blood group) Genotype A. A B.
Fig
#20
Red blood cell
appearance
Phenotype
(blood group)
Genotype
Figure Multiple alleles for the ABO blood groups A. A B. B C. AB D. O
(b) Blood group genotypes and phenotypes

22. #21 ??? Relationship among genes Description Example Epistasis
Fig. 14-UN3
Relationship among
genes
Description
Example
Epistasis
One gene affects
the expression of
another
BbCc
BbCc BC bC Bc bc BC
#21 bC Bc bc 9
: 3
: 4
A single phenotypic
character is
affected by
two or more genes
AaBbCc
AaBbCc
???

23. 22. What word is
used to
describe what
has happened
here?

24. 23. What disorder is this?

25. #24. The process when
X chromosome randomly
becomes inactive. A.

26. 25. Cellular Respiration A. E. B. D. C. C.

27. 26. Name the molecule.

28. What are the end products for: ?????
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation

29. What kinds of cells undergo: ??????
Glycolysis
Alcoholic fermentation
Lactate fermentation
Aerobic respiration

30. Where in the cell does: Glycolysis happen? Krebs Cycle (be specific)?
ETC?