1. Model of quark-gluon blobs and cosmic rays above the knee
ICPPA 2016
Model of quark-gluon blobs and cosmic rays above the knee
Anatoly Petrukhin
National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Russia
Contents
Substantiation of new model necessity
Basic ideas and parameters
Accelerator data explanation
Cosmic rays above the knee
How to check new model

2. Substantiation of a new model necessity
Modern models of strong interactions explain very well proton-proton interactions but much worse nucleus-nucleus interaction.
The reason is the necessity of the transition from description of quark-quark interactions to description of collective interactions of many quarks and gluons.
Of course various models of nucleus-nucleus interactions exist, but they cannot describe all set of experimental data obtained in cosmic rays and at accelerators, including LHC, in nucleus-nucleus interactions.
CR consist of nuclei (~ 60%) and protons (~ 40%) at energies < 1015 eV.
At higher energies, the fraction of protons decreases.
Especially strong deviations of experimental data from theoretical predictions are begun at energies more than TeV at colliders and more than PeV in cosmic rays.
Among them:

3. List of unusual events in CR
In hadron experiments (mainly in Pamir experiment): 
Halos,
Alignment,
Penetrating cascades,
Centauros.   
In muon experiments: 
Excess of muon bundles (so-called “muon puzzle”), which
was observed as at CR so at accelerator detectors.
In EAS investigations: 
Increase of energy spectrum slope. 
Changes in Nm / Ne - ratio dependence.
List of unusual events at LHC in heavy ion collisions
Imbalance of jet energies.
Sharp increasing of charged particle multiplicity.  

4. Pamir Experiment

5. Halo and alignment

6. Penetrating cascades

7. LEP Detectors (CERN) L3 ALEPH DELPHI
130 m depth (E  70 GeV) Hadron calorimeter, TPC 5 scintillator stations
100 m depth (E  50 GeV) Hadron calorimeter, TPC, TOF
40 m depth (E  15 GeV) Drift chambers, Timing scintillators EAS surface array

8. Multi muon events (muon-bundles)
C. Grupen et al., Nuclear Physics B (Proc. Suppl.) J. Abdallah et al., Astroparticle Physics 28 (2007) (2008) 286.
DELPHI
ALEPH

9. Russian-Italian NEVOD-DECOR experiment
Coordinate-tracking detector DECOR (~115 m2)
Cherenkov water detector NEVOD (2000 m3)
Side SM: 8.4 m2 each
σx  1 cm; σψ  1°

10. Muon bundle event (geometry reconstruction)

11. Low angles: around the “knee” Large angles: around 1018 eV

12. Pierre Auger Observatory
Surface Array
1600 detector stations
1.5 km spacing
3000 km2
Fluorescence Detectors
4 Telescope enclosures
6 Telescopes per
enclosure
24 Telescopes total

13. Excess of the number of muons in highly inclined EAS from Pierre Auger Observatory data
G. Rodriguez, EPJ Web of Conf. 53 (2013) 07003
A. Aab et al., Phys. Rev. D 91,
Average muon content ⟨Rμ⟩ per shower energy E as a function of the shower energy E in double logarithmic scale.
The number of muons as a function of energy.

14. Muon bundles in ALICE
Study of cosmic ray events with high muon multiplicity using the ALICE detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, ALICE collaboration, JCAP01 (2016) 032
Muon multiplicity distribution of the whole sample of data ( ) corresponding to 30.8 days of data taking.
The measured muon multiplicity distribution compared with the values and fits obtained from CORSIKA simulations with proton and iron primary cosmic rays for 30.8 days of data taking.

15. Jörg R. Hörandel, 2007

16. ATLAS observes striking imbalance of jet energies in heavy ion collisions (CERN Courier, January/February 2011)
Highly asymmetric dijet event
Dijet asymmetry distributions

18. What do we need to explain all unusual data?
Model of hadron interactions which gives:
Threshold behaviour (unusual events appear at
several PeV only).
2. Large cross section (to observe unusual events in CR).
3. Large orbital momentum (alignment).
4. Large yield of HE muons (excess muon bundles, penetrating cascades).
5. The change of EAS development and, as a consequence, increasing Nm / Ne ratio.

19. Possible variants
Production of new heavy particles. In this case geometrical cross-section will be very small.
Production of blobs of quark-gluon plasma (QGP)
(possibly it is better to speak, in general, about quark-gluon matter - QGM).
We consider the last model, since it allows explain the inclusion of new interaction features, and with relatively big probability it is correct.

20. Quark-gluon matter Production of QGM provides two main conditions:
- threshold behavior, since for that high temperature (energy) is required;
- large cross section, since the transition from quark-quark interaction to some collective interaction of many quarks occurs:
where R is a size of quark-gluon blob.
2. But for explanation of other observed phenomena a large value of orbital angular momentum is required.

21. Tapan K. Nayak, Heavy Ions: Results from the Large Hadron Collider, Pramana 79 (2012) 719-735
Alberica Toia, Participants and spectators at the heavy-ion fireball, CERN COURIER, Apr 26, 2013

22. Orbital angular momentum in non-central ion-ion collisions
Zuo-Tang Liang and Xin-Nian Wang,
PRL 94, (2005); 96, (2006)

23. The value of orbital angular momentum
Jian-Hua Gao et al., Phys. Rev. C 77 (2008)
Total orbital angular momentum of the overlapping system in Au+Au collisions at the RHIC energy as a function of the impact parameter b.

24. Centrifugal barrier
A blob of a globally polarized QGM with large orbital angular momentum can be considered as a usual resonance with a large centrifugal barrier.
Centrifugal barrier will be large for light quarks but much less for top-quarks or other heavy particles.
Though in interacting nuclei top-quarks are absent, the suppression of decays into light quarks gives time for the production of heavy quarks.

26. How interaction is changed in frame of a new model?
Simultaneous interactions of many quarks change the energy in the center of mass system drastically:
where mc  nmN. At threshold energy, n ~ 4 ( - particle).
Produced -quarks take away energy GeV, and taking into account fly-out energy t > 4mt  700 GeV in the center of mass system.
Decays of top-quarks:
W –bosons decay into leptons (~30%) and hadrons (~70%);
b – quarks produce jets which generate multiple pions decaying into muons and neutrinos.

27. How to explain the ATLAS result in frame of the considered approach?
In nucleus-nucleus interactions top-quark is generated. It decays
t  W + + b
In top-quark center-of-mass system:
Tb ~ 65 GeV, TW ~ 25 GeV.
If to take into account fly-out energy, Tb can be more than 100 GeV.
In the case if b gives a jet and W  ~ 20 , the ATLAS experiment’s picture will be obtained.

28. Charged particle multiplicity

29. Charged particle multiplicity

30. The remark about QGP blob size
In usual interpretation the experimental point corresponds to SNN = 2.76 TeV (for A-A interaction).
In frame of a new model S must be larger.
If to take into account that S cannot be more than SNN for pp-interaction, it is possible to evaluate number of nucleons in QGP blob.
So, in Pb-Pb collisions up to a half of nucleons can be considered as a target mass.

31. What can explain the new model in CR?
Short answer: Practically all.
“Muon puzzle”
- Decays of W-bosons into muons and neutrinos explain excess of VHE muons with energy above 100 TeV and appearance of penetrating cascades.
- Decays of W-bosons into hadrons (mainly pions – in average ~ 20) explain the increasing muon number (muon bundles) with increasing of energy.
2. Behavior of EAS energy spectrum.
Now the transition from measured data to the EAS energy does not take into account a missing energy which is carried away by three VHE neutrinos, and a change of EAS development due to a change of interaction model.
3. All unusual events (alignment, halos, Centauros etc.)

32. How the energy spectrum is changed?
One part of t-quark energy gives the missing energy (e, , , ), and another part changes EAS development due to increasing multiplicity of secondary particles.
As a result, measured EAS energy E2 will not be equal to primary particle energy E1 , and the measured spectrum will differ from the primary spectrum.
3. Transition of particles from energy E1 to energy E2 gives a bump in the energy spectrum near the threshold.

33. Change of primary energy spectrum

34. How measured composition is changed in frame of the new approach
Since for QGM production not only high temperature (energy) but also high density is required, threshold energy for production of new state of matter for heavy nuclei will be less than for light nuclei and protons.
Therefore heavy nuclei (e.g., iron) spectrum is changed earlier than light nuclei and proton spectra!!!
Measured spectra for different nuclei will be not equal
to primary composition!!!

35. Measured spectra for some nuclei and spectrum of all particles

36. Comparison with experimental data
(without energy measurement straggling)

37. CR composition in two approaches

38. How to check the new model?
In cosmic ray experiments there are the following possibilities:
Direct measurements of various nuclei spectra in space, but this possibility is not real in observable future.
Two other possibilities are connected with measurements of:
- muon energy spectrum above 100 TeV (can be measured in IceCube);
- energy deposit of EAS muon component below and above the knee
(now these measurements are in progress in NEVOD-DECOR experiment).
In LHC experiments it is necessary to search in nucleus-nucleus interactions: excess of t-quarks, excess of W-bosons, excess of HE muons, missing energy.
Possibilities to observe these effects in pp-interactions are small, though some evidences are obtained yet.

39. Excess of missing energy and transverse momenta
Analysis of events with b-jets and a pair of leptons of the same charge in pp collisions at s = 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv: v2 [hep-ex] 29 Oct 2015
Distributions of the missing transverse momentum EmissT and scalar sum of jet
and lepton transverse momenta HT after applying the preselection criteria, for events with one, two, or more than two b-tagged jets.

40. W-boson investigations
Some excess of W-bosons (~ 30 %) in p-p interactions by ATLAS and CMS was yet observed:
ATLAS Collaboration, arXiv: :
CMS Collaboration, arXiv:
CMS Collaboration, arXiv:
But cross section of the order of pb is measured.
In the frame of new model, its value in A-A interactions
must be order of mb.

41. Thank you!