1. Pelvic cavity. Gross anatomy of the lower limb. Walking.
Dr. Sándor Katz

2. Lower limb
Pelvic girdle
Free lower extremity

3. Hip bone
Definitive fusion of the Y-shaped growth plate occurs 16th -18th year.

4. Hip bone

5. Hip bone

6. Pelvis

7. Comparison of female and male pelves

8. Pelvic ligaments

9. Pelvis

10. Femur

11. Femur

12. Tibia

13. Fibula

14. Bones of the foot

15. Hip joint type: ball-and-socket
Intracapsular ligaments

16. Hip joint Extracapsular ligaments:
When the hip is extended, these ligaments become twisted upon themselves, pushing the femoral head more firmly into the acetabulum (joint-stabilizing function). During flexion the ligament fibers are relaxed.

17. Hip joint- movements Flexion: 120° Extension: 0° Abduction: 40°
Adduction:0°
Rotation: 90°
Circumduction

18. Knee joint type: trochoginglimus (hinge and pivot)
Intracapsular ligaments:
Anterior cruciate lig.
Posterior cruciate lig.
Transverse lig.
Posterior meniscofemoral .lig.
Medial meniscus: C-shaped.
Lateral meniscus: almost a complete ring.

19. Knee joint Extracapsular ligaments.
Tibial collateral lig. is broader and fuses with the articular capsule and medial meniscus.
Fibular collateral lig. is cord-like and separates from the articular capsule.

20. Knee joint-extracapsular ligaments

21. Knee joint-bursae

22. Knee joint-movements Flexion: 120-130° Hyperextension: 5°
Voluntary rotation: 50-60°
Conjunct rotation: 10°

23. Ankle (talocrural) joint type: hinge

24. Talocrural joint-medial collateral ligament

25. Talocrural joint-lateral collateral ligament

26. Talocrural joint - movements
Dorsiflexion: 15°
Plantarfelxion: 40°

27. Talotarsal joint: talocalcaneonavicular joint and subtalar joint
Bony surfaces: anterior and middle talar surfaces
and head of talus +
anterior and middle calcaneal surfaces, navicular.
Type: restricted ball-and-socket

28. Talotarsal joint: talocalcaneonavicular joint and subtalar joint
Bony surfaces:
posterior talar surface +
posterior calcaneal surface
Type: pivot joint

29. Talotarsal joint-ligaments and movements
„PADS”:
plantarflexion+adduction+supination
„DABP”:
dorsiflexion+abduction+pronation

30. Transverse tarsal (Chopart’s) joint: talocalcaneonavicular joint and calcaneocuboid joint
Type: tight joint. Minimal plantar and dorsal movements and rotation. Supports the longitudinal arch of foot.
Chopart’s amputation.

31. Intertarsal joints: Tight joints.
Tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc’s) joints: Tight joints. Lisfranc’s amputation.
Metatarsophalangeal joints: Restricted ball-and-socket.
Interphalangeal joints: Hinge.

32. Plantar architecture

33. Hip muscles

34. Pelvis

35. Pelvis

36. Hip flexors-knee extensors

37. Adductors

38. Hip extensors-knee flexors

39. Subinguinal hiatus Lacuna musculonervosa:
Iliopsoas, femoral nerve, lat.
femoral cutaneous nerve
Lacuna vasorum:
Femoral artery and vein,
femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve
Lacuna lymphatica (herniosa):
Rosenmüller’s lymph node

40. Femoral trigone Base: inguinal lig. Medial wall: adductor longus
Lateral wall: sartorius
Floor: iliopsoas,
pectineus
Componets:
Femoral artery / vein
Femoral nerve

41. Adductor canal Superior wall: sartorius
Medial wall: adductor longus, adductor magnus
Lateral wall: vastus medialis
Exit: adductor hiatus
Contents:
Femoral vessels
Branches of femoral nerve
Saphenus nerve
Descending genicular artery

42. Extensors

43. Superficial flexors

44. Deep flexors

45. Pronators

46. Foot muscles

47. Vasulature of the lower limb

49. Rete genu Components: Descending genicular art.
Superior medial and lateral genicular art.
Middle genicular art.
Inferior medial and lateral genicular art.
Anterior tibial recurrent art.
Posterior tibial recurrent art.

52. Superficial veins

53. Plexus lumbalis

54. Sacral plexus

59. Walking
During walking, many anatomical features of the lower limbs contribute to minimizing
fluctuations in the body’s center of gravity and thereby reduce the amount of energy needed to maintain locomotion and produce a smooth, efficient gait.
They include pelvic tilt in the coronal plane, pelvic rotation in the transverse plane, movement of the knees toward the midline , flexion of the knees, and complex interactions between the hip, knee, and ankle.
As a result, during walking the body’s center of gravity normally fluctuates only 5cm in both vertical and lateral directions.

60. Thank you for your attention.
Reference: Gray’s Anatomy for Students