1. EET101 LITAR ELEKTRIK 1
Lecture 1

2. COURSE SYLLIBUS Circuit Elements and Variables
Overview of circuit analysis, SI unit, voltage and currents, power, energy, elements on the circuit (passive and active) voltage and current source, Ohm’s Law, Kirchhoff’s Law, circuit model, circuit with dependent source.
Resistive Circuit
Series / Parallel circuit, voltage divider circuit, current divider circuit, voltage and current measurement, Wheatstone Bridge, equivalent circuit for delta-wye (Pi-Tee).
Circuit Analysis Methods
Introduction to the Node-Voltage Method, the Node-Voltage Method with dependent sources and special cases, introduction to Mesh-Current Method, Mesh-Current Method with dependent sources and special cases, source transformations, Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuit, maximum power transfer and superposition.
Inductance and Capacitance
Inductor, relationship between voltage, current, power and energy, capacitor, relationship between voltage, current, power and energy, series-parallel combinations for inductance and capacitance.

3. First-Order and Second-Order Response of RL and RC Circuit
Natural response of RL and RC Circuit, Step Response of RL and RC Circuit, general solutions for natural and step response, sequential switching, introduction to the natural and step response of RLC circuit, natural response of series and parallel RLC circuit, Step response of series and parallel RLC circuit.
Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis
The sinusoidal source, the sinusoidal response, the phasor and phasor diagram, the passive circuit elements in the frequency domain, impedances and reactances, Kirchhoff’s Laws in frequency domain, techniques of circuit analysis in frequency domain
Sinusoidal Steady-State Power Calculation
Instantanenous power, average (active) and reactive power, the rms value power calculation, complex and power triangle , the maximum power transfer
Three Phase System Circuit
Single and Three Phase System (Y and Δ circuit), balanced three phase voltage sources, Y – Y circuit analysis, Y - Δ circuit analysis, power calculation in three phase balanced circuit, average power measurement in three phase circuit.

4. COURSE STRUCTURE Final Exam = 50% Laboratory = 30% Test (2 test)=20%

5. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS & VARIABLES
Overview of circuit analysis
SI unit
voltage and currents, power, energy,
elements on the circuit (passive and active) voltage and current source
Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Law
circuit model
circuit with dependent source.

6. Thermodynamic temperature
SI UNIT
Unit SI
SI : International System of Unit is used by all the major engineering societies and most engineers throughout the world.
Quantity
Base unit
Symbol
Length
Meter m
Mass
Kilogram kg
Time
second s
Electric current
Ampere A
Thermodynamic temperature
Kelvin K
Luminous
intensity
candela cd

7. Standardized prefixes to signify powers of 10
Symbol
1012
Tera T
109
Giga G
106
Mega M
103
Kilo k
100
10-3
Mili m
10-6
Micro
10-9
Nano n
10-12
Pico p
10-15
Femto f
10-18
Atto a

8. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS & VARIABLES
Overview of circuit analysis
SI unit
voltage and currents, power, energy,
elements on the circuit (passive and active) voltage and current source
Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Law
circuit model
circuit with dependent source.

9. ELECTRIC UNITS • Charge »»» Coulomb • Current »»» Ampere
• Voltage »»» Volt
• Resistance »»» Ohm
• Power »»» Watt

10. Electric charge is a property possessed by both electrons and protons.
Quantity is
CHARGE (Q)
Base Unit is
COULOMB (C)
Examples of correct usage:
Charge = 15 Coulombs
Q = 15 C

11. Current is the movement of charge in a specified direction.

12. Electric Current Terminology An ampere equals a coulomb per second.
Quantity is
CURRENT (I)
Base Unit is
AMPERE (A)
An ampere equals a coulomb per second.
Examples of correct usage:
Current = 12 Amperes
I = 12 A

13. Electric Current Relationships
Charge Q
Current =
I = t
Time
Examples: Q
14 C
= 1.4 A
I = = t
10 s Q
14 C
= 10 s
t = = I
1.4 A

14. Types of current: Alternating current Direct current (arus terus)
(arus ulangalik)
Direct current (arus terus)
Damped alternating current
(arus ulangalik teredam)
Exponential current

15. Definition of Voltage VOLTAGE
Voltage is the electric pressure or force that causes current.
It is a potential energy difference between two points.
It is also known as an electromotive force (emf).

16. A volt equals a joule per coulomb.
Voltage Terminology
Quantity is
VOLTAGE (V)
Base Unit is
VOLT (V)
A volt equals a joule per coulomb.
Examples of correct usage:
Voltage = 32 Volts
V = 32 V

17. Voltage Relationships
Energy W
Voltage =
V = Q
Charge
Examples: W
56 J
= 28 V
V = = Q
2 C W
84 J
= 4 C
Q = = V
21 V

18. Definition of Resistance
Resistance is the opposition
a material offers to current.
Resistance is determined by:
Type of material (resistivity)
Temperature of material
Cross-sectional area
Length of material

19. Some Factors That Determine Resistance
For a specific material and temperature,
this block has given amount of resistance.
Doubling the length of the block,
doubles the resistance.
Doubling the cross-sectional area,
halves the resistance.

20. Resistance Terminology An ohm equals a volt per ampere.
Quantity is
RESISTANCE (R)
Base Unit is
OHM (W)
An ohm equals a volt per ampere.
Examples of correct usage:
Resistance = 47 ohms
R = 47 W

21. Resistance Relationships
Resistivity x length KL
Resistance =
R = A
area
Example: KL
1.4 x10-6 W· cm x 2 x104 cm
R = = A
0.28 cm2
= 0.1 W

22. ENERGY Work (W) Energy (W) The joule (J)
The amount of work done equals the amount of energy used (converted).
consists of a force moving through a distance.
Energy (W)
is the capacity to do work.
Fifty joules of energy are required to do fifty joules of work.
The joule (J)
is the base unit for both energy and work.

23. Power is the rate of using energy or doing work.
Definition of Power
Power is the rate of using energy or doing work.
“Using energy” means that energy is being converted to a different form.

24. A watt equals a joule per second.
Power Terminology
Quantity is
POWER (P)
Base Unit is
WATT (W)
A watt equals a joule per second.
Examples of correct usage:
Power = 120 Watts
P = 120 W

25. Power Relationships Energy W Power = P = t Time Examples: W 158 J
W = Pt =
75 W x 25 s =
1875 J

26. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS & VARIABLES
Overview of circuit analysis
SI unit
voltage and currents, power, energy,
elements on the circuit (passive and active) voltage and current source
Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Law
circuit model
circuit with dependent source.

27. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE ELEMENTS
Circuit Elements
Active elements
capable of generating electric energy
Example : voltage and current sources
Passive elements
incapable of generating electric energy
Example : resistor, inductor, capacitor, diode and etc

28. Independent source
Current
Voltage

29. Dependent source
Current
Voltage

30. Symbol of circuit elements
Resistor R
UNIT: Ohm (Ω)

31. Resistor colour code

32. Resistor Colour Codes
Yellow 4 7
Violet 00
Red
±10 %
Silver

33. Resistor Colour Codes 56 x 103 ± 5 % = 56000 ± 5 % = 56 kW ± 5 %
Green = 5
Blue = 6
Orange = 3
Gold = ± 5 %
56 x 103 ± 5 % =
56000 ± 5 % =
56 kW ± 5 %

34. Resistor Colour Codes
= 464 kW ± 2% 4 6 4
0 0 0
± 2%

35. Capacitor
Capacitor C
UNIT: Farad (F)

36. Inductor
Inductor L
UNIT: Henry (H)

37. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS & VARIABLES
Overview of circuit analysis
SI unit
voltage and currents, power, energy,
elements on the circuit (passive and active) voltage and current source
Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Law
circuit model
circuit with dependent source.

38. Short Circuit and Open Circuit
R = 0  no voltage difference exists
all points on the wire are at the same potential.
Current can flow, as determined by the circuit
Open circuit
R =   no current flows
Voltage difference can exist, as determined by the circuit

39. Circuit Nodes and Loops
A node is a point where two or more circuit elements are connected.
A loop is formed by tracing a closed path in a circuit through selected basic circuit elements without passing through any intermediate node more than once

40. OHM’S LAW
George Simon Ohm ( ) formulated the relationships among voltage, current, and resistance as follows:
The current in a circuit is directly proportional to the applied voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit.

41. KIRCHHOFF’S LAW Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824 – 1887)
Models relationship between:
circuit element currents (KCL)
circuit element voltages (KVL)
Introduced two laws, namely
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

42. Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
Current entering node = current exiting (What goes in, must come out)
Convention: +i is exiting, -i is entering
For any circuit node:

43. Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
No matter how many paths into and out of a
single point all the current leaving that point
must equal the current arriving at that point.

44. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
voltage increases = voltage decreases (What goes up, must come down)
Convention: hit minus (-) side first, write negative
For any circuit loop:

45. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
The voltage drops around any closed loop
must equal the applied voltages

46. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS & VARIABLES
Overview of circuit analysis
SI unit
voltage and currents, power, energy,
elements on the circuit (passive and active) voltage and current source
Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Law
circuit model
circuit with dependent source.

47. CIRCUIT MODEL
PARALLEL
SERIES
PARALLEL-SERIES

48. An energy or power source
This complete circuit uses the following:
An energy or power source
A control device
A load
Conductors
Insulation (not shown)

49. Calculating Current V R = 36 V 1800 W I = = 0.02 A = 20 mA SPST S1 B1
1.8 kW B1
36 V V R =
36 V
1800 W
I =
= A
= 20 mA

50. Calculating ResistanceB1
24 V A
0.03 A V I =
24 V
0.03 A
R =
= 800 W
= 0.8 k W

51. Calculating Voltage A V = IR = 0.15 A x 270 W = 40.5 V 0.15 A B1 R

52. Calculating Power A V IV = P = 0.2 A x 54 V = 10.8 W P = I2R =
0.2 A x 0.2 A x 270 W =
10.8 W
P = V2/R =
(54 V x 54 V) / 270 W =
10.8 W

53. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS & VARIABLES
Overview of circuit analysis
SI unit
voltage and currents, power, energy,
elements on the circuit (passive and active) voltage and current source
Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Law
circuit model
circuit with dependent source.

54. CIRCUIT WITH DEPENDENT SOURCE

55. Using KVL on the first loop,
Using KCL on the second loop,

56. Solve the equations,

57. Using Ohm law for the resistor,