1. Energy Ability to do work, moves or changes matter.
Comes in many different forms (chemical energy, potential energy, solar energy, electricity, heat).
Never created or destroyed only transformed.

2. Autotrophs - Organisms which make their own food, directly utilize the sun’s energy (i.e trees).
Heterotrophs - Organisms who obtain energy from the food they consume, cannot directly utilize the sun’s energy (i.e. bears)

3. ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate
Cells’ energy molecule. Energy is stored within the bonds of the phosphates.
ATP is used to run all cellular activity (protein synthesis, membrane pumps, DNA regulation).
ADP (2P) would be a dead battery while ATP (3P) would be a charged battery.

4. Photosynthesis: Using light to make food The gift of a green world.

5. Life on Earth is solar powered.
By converting the energy in sunlight into chemical energy, photosynthesis produces 160 billion metric tons of carbohydrates each year.

6. THE BASICS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Almost all plants are photosynthetic autotrophs, as are some bacteria and protists.
They generate their own organic matter through photosynthesis.
(c) Euglena
(d) Cyanobacteria
(b) Kelp
(a) Mosses, ferns, and
flowering plants
Figure 7.2

7. Kingdom Plantae

8. Simple Plants: (a) Mosses

9. Simple Plants: (a) Mosses, (b) Hornworts, (c) Liverworts

10. Ferns

11. Cone Trees

12. Flowering Plants With flowers for reproduction
Seeds are produced inside the fruit (matured ovary)

13. Water Lily Leaf

14. Victoria regia

15. Succulent cacti

16. Cacti

17. Carnivorous plants obtain some of their nutrients from animal tissues.

18. Photosynthesis
Plant process whereby the energy in the sun is used to convert H2O and CO2 into high energy sugars and O2 waste.
6CO2 + 6H2O + sun energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2

19. Light
Sun: white light (energy) is composed of a range of wavelengths (colors)
Gamma rays
Micro- waves
Radio
waves
X-rays UV
Infrared
Visible light
Wavelength (nm)

20. Chloroplasts absorb light energy and convert it to chemical energy
Reflected
light
Light
Absorbed
light
Transmitted
light
Chloroplast

21. The location and structure of chloroplasts
LEAF CROSS SECTION
MESOPHYLL CELL
LEAF
Mesophyll
Stoma
(pl. stomata)
CHLOROPLAST
Intermembrane space
Outer
membrane
Granum
Inner membrane
Grana
Stroma
Thylakoid compartment
Stroma
Figure 7.2
Thylakoid

22. Chloroplasts contain several pigments
Chloroplast Pigments
Chloroplasts contain several pigments
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Carotenoids

23. Pigments – The Rainbow Catchers
Light-absorbing molecules
Absorb some wavelengths and reflect others
Color you see are the wavelengths NOT absorbed
chlorophyll a
chlorophyll b
Wavelength (nanometers)

25. LIGHT REACTIONS (in grana) CALVIN CYCLE (in stroma)
An Overview of Photosynthesis
H2O
CO2
Chloroplast
Light
NADP+
ADP + P
LIGHT REACTIONS (in grana)
CALVIN CYCLE (in stroma)
Electrons
ATP
NADPH O2
Sugar

26. Chloroplast Organelle found inside plant cell where photosynthesis occurs.
Thylakoids - sac-like photosynthetic membranes found inside the chloroplasts, contain chlorophyll and other light absorbing pigments. Site of the Light-Dependent reactions.
Stroma - region outside the thylakoid membrane, but still inside the chloroplast. Site of the Calvin Cycle reactions.

27. Photosynthesis is comprised of two reactions
Light Dependent Reactions
Calvin Cycle (Dark Cycle) Reactions

28. Light-Dependent Reactions
Requires light.
Occurs in the thylakoid membranes.
Breaks H2O molecule and produces O2.
Converts ADP into ATP and NADP+ into NADPH.

29. Light Reactions (Photolysis)
Light energy is used to split water and give
Oxygen and hydrogen
2 H2O + light  4 H+ + O2
Light energy is used to make ATP

30. Electron Carrier
Molecule which carries sunlight excited electrons from chlorophyll to other chemical reactions in the cell.
Hot Coals / Fire / Tongs analogy

31. Chlorophyll is the main
synthetic pigment

32. Plants produce O2 gas
The O2 liberated by photosynthesis is a byproduct made by splitting water (H2O)

33. Calvin Cycle Reactions
Does not require light.
Occurs in the stroma.
Uses energy in NADPH and ATP to convert CO2 into high energy sugars.

34. Dark Reactions (Carbon Fixation)
ATP and Hydrogen (H) are used to “fix” CO2
To make organic molecules C6H12O6 (glucose)

35. Variables effecting Photosynthesis
Light Intensity
CO2 Concentration
Temperature
Graphs Shape required

36. Increase in Biomass (glucose, plant growth)
MEASURE PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Production of Oxygen
Uptake of CO2
Increase in Biomass (glucose, plant growth)
Carbon dioxide
Water
Glucose
Oxygen gas
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

37. Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

38. Linked Processes Aerobic Respiration Photosynthesis
Energy-releasing pathway
Requires oxygen
Releases carbon dioxide
Photosynthesis
Energy-storing pathway
Releases oxygen
Requires carbon dioxide
Ps provides a carbon source for all of life

39. Predominant producers on land are plants such as oak trees and cacti

40. In aquatic environments, algae and photosynthetic bacteria are the main food producers

41. How Photosynthesis Moderates the Greenhouse Effect
Old-growth forests:
Are important for lumber
Are important for moderating world climates
Are homes to many species of plants and wildlife that exist nowhere else

42. The Greenhouse effect:
Warms the atmosphere
Is caused by atmospheric CO2
Sunlight
Atmosphere
Radiant heat
trapped by CO2