1. Nematohelminthes (Round worms)
Helminthology
Phylum
Phylum
Platyhelminthes
(Flat worms) +
Nematohelminthes (Round worms)
Class
Trematoda (Flukes)
Class
Class
Ceastoda
(Tape worms)
Nematoda
Genus : Echinococcus
Species : E. granulosus &
E. multilocularis

2. Echinococcosis or Hydatidosis

3. 1 Echinococcus granulosus cystic echinococcosis 2 Echinococcus multilocularis alveolar echinococcosis

4. Human Echinococcosis is caused by the larval stages of cestodes (tapeworms) of the genus Echinococcus
Both have 3 proglottids, hooks and suckers

5. Echinococcus granulosis -
The Hydatid Tapeworm
Major pathology - hydatid cysts in the brain. Can grow to size of a coconut and contain as much as two liters of fluid. Pressure necrosis of tissue can result from larger cysts. Most commonly found in liver, but can develop anywhere, including in bone.

6. Adult Tapeworm Body is separated into 3 sections
Scolex with 4 sukers & rostellum armed with double crown of hooks

9. Ecchinococcus granulosus stages

14. Definitive Host/Intermediate Host
Echinococcus granulosus:
Definitive Host: dogs,Wolves and other carnivores
Intermediate Host: mammals, including humans or herbivorous species( Sheep,Horses,Camels,Pigs)
Echinococcus multilocularis:
Definitive Host: mainly foxes but dogs, cats, coyotes and wolves also
Intermediate Host: small rodents, rarely humans

15. Geographic Distribution:
E. granulosus
Worldwide
More frequent in rural, sheep raising areas
E. multilocularis
Occurs in northern hemisphere
This includes central and northern Europe, Asia, and North America
Most frequently found in northern states

16. Life Cycle of E granulosus

18. Symptoms: E. granulosus Can remain silent for years
It is the enlarging cysts that cause symptoms in organs
Hepatic involvement (abdominal pain, mass in the hepatic area, biliary duct obstruction)
Pulmonary involvement (chest pain, Cough, hemoptysis)
Brain, bone, and heart
Rupture of cyst (fever, hives, pus, anaphylactic shock, and the cyst spreads throughout body cavity)

19. E. Multilocularis
Affects the liver as a slow growing destructive tumor
Abdominal pain, biliary obstruction, and sometimes metastatic lesions in lungs and brain are common symptoms
Causes alveolar echinococcosis

21. Diagnosis Imagery Immunodiagnostic techniques Microscopy
Hydatids are found during X-radiography, ultrasonography, CAT scans
Immunodiagnostic techniques
Generally less sensitive then imagery
Microscopy
Fluid aspirated from hydatid cyst will show many protoscolices

23. Infective stage: Egg
Found in dog feces
Resembles Taenia eggs

24. Imaging Studies: Plain radiography Ultrasound examination CT scaning
MRI

26. Treatment
Most effective and common type of treatment is surgery to remove the parasite mass
Medication after surgery may be necessary to keep the cyst from recurring
Drug of choice is albendazole for E. granulosus
Drug of choice is albendazole and mebendazole for E. multilocularis

29. Prevention in Humans Minimize risk of egg ingestion
Wash fruits and vegetables
Wash hands frequently
Avoid untreated water sources
Do not handle wild carnivores or their carcasses
Thoroughly cook meat before eating