1. American History: Chapter 1 Review
The Collision of Cultures

2. American Before Columbus

3. Pre-Columbian time period.
First Americans came from Asia
Crossed the Bering Strait during the Ice Age
Following a food source
Gradual migration
Came in 3 waves

4. Early Human Migrations
1st Migration, 38, BCE (amerind)
2nd Migration, c. 10,000-4,000 BCE (na-dene)
3rd Migration, c. 8,000-3,000 BCE (Inuit)

5. America Before Columbus
Civilizations in Central/South America:
Incas – located in Peru; largest empire in the Americas
Mayans – located in Central America; developed a written system, calendar, and agricultural advancements
Aztecs – also located in Central Am.; Tenochtitlan – largest city ever to that point

6. America Before Columbus
Civilizations in North America:
Great Plains and Great Basin – hunted Buffalo; many were nomadic
Northeastern (Iroquois) – developed permanent villages; hunted, gathered, and agriculture dominated society
Southwestern US – based on agriculture (maize) and built elaborate irrigation systems

7. America Before Columbus
Many natives were religious – associated with nature
Tribal social roles:
Women raised children, prepared meals, and gathered food
Men hunted
In some societies (Iroquois) women helped make tribal decisions via counsels

8. Europe Looks Westward

9. A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

10. Indirect Causes for European Exploration
Crusades  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples.
Reformation  refugees & missionaries.
Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
Technological advances.
Fame and fortune.

11. The 3 motives reinforce each other
Direct Causes = 3 G’s
Religious: spread Christianity (Reformation). (GOD)
Economic: Search for new trade routes with direct access to Asian/African luxury goods would enrich individuals and their nations (GOLD)
Political: Become a world power through gaining wealth and land. (GLORY)
The 3 motives reinforce each other

12. European trade routes

13. Enter the Spanish: Christofo Colon (1451-1505
One of the great
mystery men in
history

14. Columbus’ Four Voyages

16. Europe Looks Westward SPAIN Conquistadores
As a result of Columbus’s explorations, Spain increased interest in exploration, surpassing Portugal
Spain claimed most of the New World (except for Brazil)
Conquistadores
Cortes (1518) devastated natives (especially via smallpox)
Many Conquistadores saw this as God’s work
Spanish sought gold and silver in the new world
Spain required Catholicism be the only religion in their new territories
Set up missions – convert natives to Christianity
Many post-Conquistador Spanish immigrants came to spread religion

17. Europe Looks Westward cont…
By end of 1500s, the Spanish monarchy controlled virtually all of Central/South America
Also controlled local “government” in its new world colonies
WHEREAS….
France, the Dutch, and the British focused more on population growth and establishing permanent settlements
Spain did not send large number of immigrants

18. (Sigh) more notes…..

19. The French
The French explored into the North American Continent and developed close ties with natives
Coureurs de bois – French fur traders
developed an alliance with the Algonquians
Settled Quebec (1608) & Montreal (1642) and what would become Canada
Also controlled the St. Lawrence River & access to the interior of North America

20. European Colonization
The Dutch
European Colonization
Like the French, the Dutch focused on fur trade & sent only a few men to settlements
Founded Albany (1614) on Hudson River
becomes New York; is an extension of the Dutch global trade system
Had a smaller population, but were VERY friendly with the Natives

21. The Arrival of the English
The British
BRITAIN
Spanish Armada: (key turning point in European history)
Large Spanish fleet was defeated by the English in 1588
England emerged as a naval power
English Settlements:
Roanoke – early English settlement (1585) known as the “lost colony”
In 1590, the colony was found deserted with “Croatoan” carved on a post
Jamestown – established in 1607 as a charter by King James I
Would become the 1st permanent English colony

22. The Arrival of the English
Reasons for English exploration:
Rising population, lack of land
Joint-stock companies – investors would pool $ together and share in profits and losses
Mercantilism:
Goal was to benefit the mother country (England)
Increased desire for colonies to gain wealth
Religion:
Puritans (those that wanted to purify the Anglican Church of Catholic rituals) sought refuge in the Americas
Separatists – wanted to break away from the Anglican Church (Pilgrims)

23. Other Terms to Know: Columbian Exchange: Examples of goods:
Americas to Europe and Africa: potatoes, maize (corn), tomatoes
Europe to the Americas: wheat, rice, horses, chickens, oxen
Impact of exchange?
In Europe and Asia: massive population growth due to new food
In Africa: Spanish and Portuguese used Africans from West Africa to be used as slaves in the Americas
In the Americas: spread of diseases (smallpox), social classes (Mestizos), horse transformed Native life (made hunting easier), Encomienda system