1. The States of Matter
Lesson 14

3. What You Will Learn Everything around you is matter.
A state of matter is the physical form in which matter exists.
Most of the matter around you is found in four states.
These are solid, liquid, gas, or plasma.
Matter often changes when heat is added or taken away.

4. In this lesson, we will be talking about particles in the states of matter.
What are particles?
What are particles made of?
They could be made of elements, compounds, or mixtures themselves.

5. Solids
On Earth, most matter exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas.
A solid is a substance that has a definite shape and volume.
In a solid, particles are packed together closely and the energy binding the particles is very strong.
The particles do not move around freely.
Instead, the particles move by vibrating in place.
This is what gives a solid a definite shape and volume.

6. Liquids
A liquid is a substance that has a definite volume but no definite shape.
Unlike a solid, a liquid takes the shape if its container.
Particles in a liquid are farther apart than those of a solid.
The energy binding them is weaker than that of a solid.
Particles can move around and slide past one another.

7. More on Liquids
The movement of the particles in a liquid prevents it from having a definite shape.
However, liquids do have a definite volume.
For example, a liter of milk is a liter of milk no matter what type or shape of container it is in.
The shape of a liquid can change, but its volume can not.

8. Gases
A gas is a substance that has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume.
A gas will also take the shape of its container, like a liquid.
Unlike a liquid, a gas does not have a definite volume.
Instead, a gas will spread out to occupy all the space available to it.
Both liquids and gases are referred to as fluids, because both tend to take the shape of the container that holds them.

9. More Gas The energy that binds particles in gases is very weak.
So, the particles in gases can move freely.
The free movement of gas particles allows gas to expand or contract to fit its container.
So, gas lacks a definite shape, and its volume depends on the volume of its container.

11. #4-Plasma The fourth state of matter is plasma.
Plasma forms when a gas becomes hot enough for the energy to remove electrons from its atoms.
A plasma consists of charged atoms-called ions-and free electrons.
These electrons are free because they have gained enough energy to escape from the nucleus due to very high temperatures.

12. Plasma Like a gas, a plasma lacks a definite shape and volume.
The particles in a plasma move past each other rapidly.
What are some examples of plasma, then?
Examples of plasma are lightning, the sun, and stars.
Plasma is by far the most common form of matter.
It is also the least understood.

13. Plasma consists of a collection of free-moving electrons and ions - atoms that have lost electrons.
Energy is needed to strip electrons from atoms to make plasma.
The energy can be of various origins: thermal, electrical, or light (ultraviolet light or intense visible light from a laser).
With insufficient sustaining power, plasmas recombine into neutral gas.
Plasma can be accelerated and steered by electric and magnetic fields which allows it to be controlled and applied.
Plasma research is yielding a greater understanding of the universe. It also provides many practical uses: new manufacturing techniques, consumer products, and the prospect of abundant energy.

16. Heat Affects the State of a Substance
Remember that in a solid, the particles move slowly-so much so that they really vibrate instead of move.
Liquids move faster.
Gases move the fastest.
What happens when you add heat?
When a substance takes in heat, its particles gain energy and move faster.
When a substance releases heat, its particles lose energy and move more slowly.
If enough heat is added to or removed from a substance, the substance changes state.

17. Heat What is a melting point?
A melting point is when enough heat is added to a solid to make it change state to a liquid. The particles have been sped up and will move farther apart.
Every substance has its own melting point.
Every substance can melt. Water melts at 0 degrees C.
Gold melts at 1063 degrees C.

18. If you add heat to a liquid, what occurs?
When you add heat, the particles begin to escape form the liquid’s surface and change into gas.
This changing from liquid to gas is called vaporization.
The temperature at which a liquid begin to vaporize is its boiling point.
Each substance has its own boiling point. Water is 100 degrees C. Gold boils at 2600 degrees C.

19. If heat is removed from a substance, its particles will lose energy, move more slowly, and get closer together.
This will cause the substance to change state.
Condensation is the process in which a gas turns into a liquid.
The temperature at which a substance condenses is the same as the temperature at which it boils.

20. If heat is gained, it is boiling.
If heat is lost, it is condensing.

21. Lose Some Mass – It’s a Gas!
A liquid can change its state to a gas by evaporation. When a liquid evaporates, some of the liquid goes up into the air and becomes a gas. Some liquids evaporate faster than others. In this activity, see which liquid leaves its state the fastest!
Materials:
Water
Alcohol
Paper towel
Scissors
Pencil (round)
Ruler
2 paper or plastic cups (16 oz)-or at least two things of the same height
2 small paper or plastic cups
Tape

22. Procedures:
You are about to witness two liquids evaporating-water and alcohol.
Which one do you think will evaporate faster? Write your hypothesis.
Place the two large cups upside down on a flat surface. Place the pencil across the cups and tape the pencil down.
Place a ruler on the pencil so that the ruler is as balanced as you can make it. Cut two strips of paper towel, each 20 centimeters (cm) long and 4 cm wide. Write "W" on one strip and "A" on the other.
Pour 1 tablespoon of water into one small cup and 1 tablespoon of alcohol into another.
Dip the "W" paper towel strip into the water until it is completely wet. Your partner should dip the "A" strip into the alcohol until it is completely wet.
Work together to place the wet strips at the very ends of the ruler. Balance the ruler on the pencil.

23. Where's the Chemistry?
Observe the ruler as the alcohol and water evaporate. Which do you think will evaporate first? How does the experiment show you which liquid changes from a liquid to a gas the fastest?
Different substances have different characteristics. One of the characteristics of different liquids is how fast they change from a liquid to a gas or evaporate.
When you did the activity, you probably saw the alcohol side of the ruler go up and the water side of the ruler go down. That is because alcohol evaporates faster than water.
As the alcohol changed its state from a liquid to a gas, the alcohol side of the ruler got lighter causing it to rise up.

24. Density What is the formula for density?
Find an object that can fit in a graduated cylinder.
Now, find the density of that object.
Write out the steps of how you found the density in detail as you go.
You will be turning this in for a grade.

25. Density
Density is a measure of how much mass is contained in a given unit volume.
If mass is how much “stuff” there is in an object or liquid, density is a measure of how tightly that “stuff” is packed together.
Based on the density equation, if the weight of something increases but the volume stays the same, the density has to go up.

26. Likewise, of the mass decreases but the volume stays the same, the density has to go down.
Lighter liquids are less dense or have less “stuff” packed into them than heavier liquids.
Liquids have density numbers associated with them.

27. A LAB Let’s test the density of liquids.
Find an estimate of the density of these liquids. The density can vary from brand to brand:
Baby oil
Ice cube * not a liquid but find it anyway
honey
Light corn syrup
Milk
Vegetable oil
Lamp oil
Rubbing alcohol
Water
Dawn dish soap
Maple syrup

28. The procedure Now, we will layer some of these liquids.
You will complete lab notes on this lab.
Make a hypothesis about the order of the liquids in the same container from most dense at the bottom to less dense at the top.
Write your observations as we go.
Write your conclusion about this lab.