1. CHEMISTRY 161
Chapter 4

2. REVISION solution, solvent, and solute
2. experimental definition of strong/weak/non-electrolyte
3. dissociation and hydration of solute in solvent
(solutions conduct electricity)
4. precipitation reaction
(molecular equation, ionic equation, spectator ions)

3. CHEMICAL REACTIONS properties of solutions 2. reactions in solutions
a) precipitation reactions
b) acid-base reactions (proton transfer)
c)redox reactions (electron transfer)

4. 2.2. ACIDS AND BASES HAc → H+ (aq) + Ac- (aq)
HCl (g) → H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
BASES
MOH → M+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
Arrhenius (1883)
NaOH (s) → Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

5. ACIDS acids have a sour taste
vinegar – acetic acid
lemons – citric acid
2. acids react with some metals to form hydrogen
2 HCl(aq) + Mg(s) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
3. acids react with carbonates to water and carbon dioxide
2 HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) → CaCl2(aq) + [H2CO3]
H2CO3 → H2O(l) + CO2(g)

6. BASES bases have a bitter taste 2. bases feel slippery
soap
3. aqueous bases and acids conduct electricity

7. proton donors HAc → H+ (aq) + Ac- (aq) proton acceptor
ACIDS
proton donors
HAc → H+ (aq) + Ac- (aq)
BASES
proton acceptor
B + H+ (aq) → BH+ (aq)
Bronsted (1932)

8. ≈ m H+
≈ m
Na+

9. (aq)
(l)
(aq)
(aq)
acid
base
hydronium ion

10. cation
hydronium ion

11. monoprotic acids strong electrolyte
HCl(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
HNO3(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
weak electrolyte
CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq)
NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+ + OH-
monoprotic acids

13. water can be either an acid or a base
CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq)
NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq)+ OH-(aq)
H2O(l) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq)
water can be either an acid or a base

14. monoprotic acids diprotic acid triprotic acid
HF, HCl, HBr, HNO3, CH3COOH
diprotic acid
H2SO4 → H+(aq) + HSO4-(aq)
HSO4-(aq) H+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
triprotic acid
H3PO H+(aq) + H2PO4-(aq)
H2PO4-(aq) H+(aq) + HPO42-(aq)
HPO42-(aq) H+(aq) + PO43-(aq)

15. Acids in the Solar System
Europa
H2SO4(s)
Venus
H2SO4(g)

16. Acids in the Interstellar Medium

17. NH3, H2O, H2S
CH3COOH
HCOOH
HF, HCl
Orion

18. ACID-BASE REACTION HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
acid + base → salt + water
(neutralization reaction)
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
molecular equation – ionic equation – spectator ions

19. SUMMARY acids and bases 1.1. Arrhenius and Bronsted
1.2. strong and weak acids and bases
1.3 acids in extraterrestrial environments
2. acid-base neutralization reactions

20. Homework
Chapter 4, p
problems